56.Kedu usoro eji atụ mmanụ ala?
Mmanụ ala bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke alkanes, cycloalkanes, hydrocarbons aromatic, hydrocarbons unsaturated na obere sọlfọ na nitrogen oxides. N'ụkpụrụ dị mma nke mmiri, a na-akọwapụta mmanụ ala dị ka ihe nrịbama toxicological na ihe mmetụta uche mmadụ iji chebe ndụ mmiri, n'ihi na ihe mmanụ ala nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndụ mmiri. Mgbe ọdịnaya mmanụ ala na mmiri dị n'etiti 0.01 na 0.1mg/L, ọ ga-egbochi nri na mmeputakwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. Ya mere, ụkpụrụ ịdị mma nke mmiri azụ̀ nke obodo m agaghị agafe 0.05 mg/L, ụkpụrụ mmiri ịgba mmiri agaghị agafe 5.0 mg/L, yana ụkpụrụ mkpofu mmiri nke abụọ zuru oke agaghị agafe 10 mg/L. N'ozuzu, mmanụ ala nke nsị na-abanye na tankị ikuku enweghị ike gafere 50mg / L.
N'ihi nhazi dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe dị iche iche nke mmanụ ala, yana njedebe na ụzọ nyocha, ọ na-esiri ike ịmepụta ọkọlọtọ jikọtara ọnụ nke dabara na akụkụ dị iche iche. Mgbe mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri dị> 10 mg / L, enwere ike iji usoro gravimetric mee mkpebi. Ọdịmma ya bụ na ọrụ ahụ gbagwojuru anya na mmanụ ọkụ na-efunahụ ngwa ngwa mgbe ether petroleum na-ekpochapụ ma kpọọ nkụ. Mgbe mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri bụ 0.05 ~ 10 mg / L, enwere ike iji infrared infrared photometry na-agbasaghị, spectrophotometry infrared na ultraviolet spectrophotometry maka nha. Photometry infrared na-agbasaghị na fotometry infrared bụ ụkpụrụ mba maka nnwale mmanụ ala. (GB/T16488-1996). A na-ejikarị UV spectrophotometry iji nyochaa hydrocarbons na-esi ísì na nke na-egbu egbu. Ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe enwere ike ịwepụta site na petroleum ether ma nwee njirimara absorption na ogologo ogologo ogologo. Ọ naghị agụnye ụdị mmanụ ala niile.
57. Kedu ihe echekwabara maka ito mmanụ ala?
Ngwa mmịpụta nke infrared photometry na infrared na-achụsasị na-eji bụ carbon tetrachloride ma ọ bụ trichlorotrifluoroethane, na ihe mmịpụta nke usoro gravimetric na ultraviolet spectrophotometry ji bụ mmanụ ala ether. Ihe ndị a na-ewepụta ihe na-egbu egbu, a ga-ejikwa nlezianya mee ya na mkpuchi uzuzu.
Mmanụ ọkọlọtọ kwesịrị ịbụ mmanụ ala ether ma ọ bụ tetrachloride carbon tetrachloride ewepụtara na nsị nke a ga-enyocha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara iji ngwaahịa mmanụ ndị ọzọ amaara ama, ma ọ bụ n-hexadecane, isooctane na benzene nwere ike iji dịka nha 65:25:10 siri dị. Emebere ya site na oke olu. Ether petroleum nke a na-eji amịpụta mmanụ ọkọlọtọ, ịse usoro mmanụ ọkọlọtọ na ịlele ihe nlele mmiri kwesịrị ịbụ site na otu ọnụ ọgụgụ batch ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, njehie usoro ga-eme n'ihi ụkpụrụ efu dị iche iche.
Achọrọ nlele iche mgbe ị na-atụ mmanụ. N'ozuzu, a na-eji karama iko ọnụ obosara maka karama nlele. A ghaghị iji karama plastik mee ihe, na ihe nlele mmiri enweghị ike ijupụta karama nlele, ma ekwesịrị inwe oghere na ya. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị ike nyochaa ihe nlele mmiri n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, enwere ike ịgbakwunye hydrochloric acid ma ọ bụ sulfuric acid iji mee ka uru pH dị.<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. Kedu ihe ndị na-egosi ịdị mma mmiri maka ọla dị arọ nkịtị na ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla na-egbu egbu na ihe na-emerụ ahụ?
A na-ahụkarị ọla dị arọ na inorganic na-abụghị ọla na-egbu egbu na ihe na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri na-agụnye mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead and sulfide, cyanide, fluoride, arsenic, selenium, wdg. Ihe ngosi àgwà mmiri ndị a na-egbu egbu iji hụ na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ bụ chebe ndụ mmiri. . ihe ngosi anụ ahụ. National Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) nwere ụkpụrụ siri ike na ihe ngosi mkpofu mmiri na-ekpofu ihe nwere ihe ndị a.
Maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nsị mmiri mmiri nke mmiri na-abata nwere ihe ndị a, ọdịnaya nke ihe ndị a na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri na-abata na nsị nke tankị sedimentation nke abụọ ga-enyocha nke ọma iji hụ na e mezuru ụkpụrụ nkwụsị. Ozugbo achọpụtara na mmiri na-abata ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi na ya karịrị ọkọlọtọ, ekwesịrị ịme ihe ozugbo iji hụ na nsị ahụ ruru ọkọlọtọ ozugbo enwere ike site n'ịkwalite usoro ọgwụgwọ na imezi usoro ọgwụgwọ nsị na-arụ ọrụ. N'ọgwụgwọ nsị nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị, sulfide na cyanide bụ ihe abụọ na-egosi ịdị mma mmiri nke inorganic na-abụghị ọla na-egbu egbu na ihe na-emerụ ahụ.
59.Olee ụdị sulfide dị na mmiri?
Ụdị isi sọlfọ dị na mmiri bụ sulfates, sulfides na organic sulfide. N'ime ha, sulfide nwere ụdị atọ: H2S, HS- na S2-. Ọnụ ego nke ụdị ọ bụla metụtara pH uru nke mmiri. N'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic Mgbe uru pH dị elu karịa 8, ọ na-adịkarị n'ụdị H2S. Mgbe uru pH karịrị 8, ọ na-adịkarị n'ụdị HS- na S2-. Nchọpụta nke sulfide n'ime mmiri na-egosikarị na e metọrọ ya. Mmiri mkpofu a na-esi n'ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ pụta, ọkachasị nnụcha mmanụ ala, na-enwekarị obere sulfide. N'okpuru ọrụ nke nje bacteria anaerobic, sulfate na mmiri nwekwara ike ibelata sulfide.
A ghaghị iji nlezianya nyochaa ọdịnaya sulfide nke nsị sitere na akụkụ ndị dị mkpa nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nsị iji gbochie nsị hydrogen sulfide. Karịsịa maka ntinye na ntinye mmiri nke draịvụ desulfurization unit, ọdịnaya sulfide na-egosipụta kpọmkwem mmetụta nke ihe nkedo ahụ ma bụrụ ihe ngosi nchịkwa. Iji gbochie oke sulfide n'ime mmiri eke, ọkọlọtọ mkpofu mmiri mkpofu nke mba na-egosi na ọdịnaya sulfide agaghị agafe 1.0mg/L. Mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụgwọ nke abụọ nke aerobic nke nsị mmiri, ma ọ bụrụ na ntinye nke sulfide na mmiri na-abata bụ n'okpuru 20mg / L, nke na-arụ ọrụ Ọ bụrụ na arụ ọrụ sludge dị mma na sludge fọdụrụnụ na-ahapụ n'oge, ọdịnaya sulfide na mmiri mmiri nke abụọ sedimentation tank nwere ike. iru ọkọlọtọ. A ghaghị ileba anya na ọdịnaya sulfide nke ihe na-esi na tankị sedimentation nke abụọ iji hụ ma mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ezute ụkpụrụ ma chọpụta otu esi edozi usoro ọrụ.
60. Ụzọ ole ka a na-ejikarị achọpụta ọdịnaya sulfide na mmiri?
Ụzọ ndị a na-ejikarị achọpụta ọdịnaya sulfide na mmiri gụnyere methylene blue spectrophotometry, p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry, iodometric method, ion electrode method, wdg N'ime ha, usoro mkpebi sulfide ọkọlọtọ mba bụ methylene blue spectrophotometry. Photometry (GB/T16489-1996) na spectrophotometry agba kpọmkwem (GB/T17133-1997). Oke nchọpụta nke ụzọ abụọ a bụ 0.005mg/L na 0.004mg/l n'otu n'otu. Mgbe ihe nlele mmiri na-adịghị diluted, N'okwu a, nchọpụta kachasị elu bụ 0.7mg / L na 25mg / L n'otu n'otu. Ogologo mkpokọta sulfide tụrụ site na p-amino N,N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry (CJ/T60-1999) bụ 0.05 ~ 0.8mg/L. Ya mere, usoro spectrophotometry nke dị n'elu dabara adaba naanị maka ịchọpụta ọdịnaya sulfide dị ala. Mmiri. Mgbe ntinye nke sulfide dị na mmiri mkpofu dị elu, enwere ike iji usoro iodometric (HJ/T60-2000 na CJ/T60-1999). Usoro ịta ahụhụ nke usoro iodometric bụ 1 ~ 200mg / L.
Mgbe ihe nlele mmiri ahụ dị turbid, agba, ma ọ bụ nwere ihe na-ebelata ihe ndị dị ka SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, na thiothers, ọ ga-etinye aka na nha ahụ ma chọọ tupu nkewa iji kpochapụ nnyonye anya. Ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe tupu nkewa bụ acidification-strapping-absorption. Iwu. Ụkpụrụ bụ na mgbe mmiri mmiri na-eme ka acidified, sulfide dị na ọnọdụ H2S molecular na ngwọta acidic, a na-awụpụ ya na gas, wee tinye ya na mmiri mmiri na-amịpụta, wee tụọ ya.
Usoro a kapịrị ọnụ bụ ibu ụzọ tinye EDTA na nlele mmiri ka ọ dị mgbagwoju anya ma mee ka ọtụtụ ion metal (dị ka Cu2 +, Hg2+, Ag +, Fe3 +) iji zere ndabichi kpatara mmeghachi omume n'etiti ion ígwè ndị a na ion sulfide; tinyekwara ego kwesịrị ekwesị nke hydroxylamine hydrochloride, nke nwere ike igbochi mmeghachi omume mbelata oxidation nke ọma n'etiti ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na sulfide na ihe atụ mmiri. Mgbe ị na-afụ H2S site na mmiri, ọnụego mgbake dị elu nke ukwuu site na mkpali karịa na-enweghị mkpali. Ọnụego mgbake nke sulfide nwere ike iru 100% n'okpuru edemede maka nkeji 15. Mgbe oge nbipu n'okpuru mkpali gafere nkeji iri abụọ, mgbake na-ebelata ntakịrị. Ya mere, a na-emekarị nkewa ahụ n'okpuru mkpali na oge nkwụsịtụ bụ minit 20. Mgbe okpomọkụ bat mmiri dị 35-55oC, ọnụego mgbake sulfide nwere ike iru 100%. Mgbe okpomọkụ ịsa ahụ dị n'elu 65oC, mgbake sulfide na-ebelata ntakịrị. Ya mere, a na-ahọrọ oke mmiri ịsa ahụ kacha mma ka ọ bụrụ 35 ruo 55oC.
61. Kedu ihe ndị ọzọ ịkpachara anya maka mkpebi sulfide?
⑴ N'ihi enweghị ike nke sulfide na mmiri, mgbe ị na-anakọta ihe nlele mmiri, enweghị ike ịmegharị ebe nlele ma ọ bụ kpalie ike. Mgbe nchịkọta, zinc acetate ngwọta ga-agbakwunyere na oge iji mee ka ọ bụrụ nkwusioru zinc sulfide. Mgbe ihe nlele mmiri dị acidic, a ga-agbakwunye ngwọta alkaline iji gbochie ntọhapụ nke hydrogen sulfide. Mgbe ihe nlele mmiri juru, karama ahụ kwesịrị ịkwanye ma zigara ya ụlọ nyocha maka nyocha ozugbo enwere ike.
⑵ N'agbanyeghị usoro a na-eji maka nyocha, a ga-edozi ihe nlele mmiri iji kpochapụ nnyonye anya ma melite ọkwa nchọpụta. Ọnụnọ nke ndị na-agba agba, ihe nkwụsịtụ, SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, thiothers na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ebelata ihe ga-emetụta nsonaazụ nyocha. Ụzọ iji kpochapụ nnyonye anya nke ihe ndị a nwere ike iji nkewa mmiri ozuzo, ikuku na-agbapụ nkewa, mgbanwe ion, wdg.
⑶ Mmiri a na-eji maka dilution na nkwadebe nke reagent ngwọta enweghị ike ịnwe ion metal dị arọ dị ka Cu2+ na Hg2+, ma ọ bụghị ya, nsonaazụ nyocha ga-adị ala n'ihi ọgbọ nke sulfide acid-insoluble. Ya mere, ejila mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-enweta site na igwe na-emepụta ígwè. Ọ kacha mma iji mmiri deionized. Ma ọ bụ distilled mmiri si na ihe niile-glass ka.
⑷N'otu aka ahụ, ọnụọgụ ọla dị arọ dị na ngwọta absorption nke zinc acetate ga-emetụtakwa nsonaazụ nha. Ị nwere ike ịgbakwunye 1 ml nke 0.05mol/L sodium sulfide ngwọta akwadoro ọhụrụ na-adaba na 1L nke zinc acetate absorption solution n'okpuru ịma jijiji zuru oke, ma hapụ ya ka ọ nọdụ ala. , wee tụgharịa ma maa jijiji, wee jiri akwụkwọ nzacha dị mma yochaa, wee tụfuo nzacha ahụ. Nke a nwere ike iwepụ nnyonye anya nke ọla dị arọ na-achọpụta na ngwọta absorption.
⑸ Sodium sulfide ọkọlọtọ ngwọta bụ nnọọ ejighị n'aka. N'ịdị ala nke itinye uche, ọ dị mfe ịgbanwe. A ghaghị ịkwado ya ma dozie ya ozugbo tupu ejiri ya. Elu nke kristal sodium sulfide na-eji akwadebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ na-enwekarị sulfite, nke na-akpata njehie. Ọ kacha mma iji kristal buru ibu ma kpochaa ha ngwa ngwa na mmiri iji wepụ sulfite tupu ị tụọ ya.
Oge nzipu: Dec-04-2023
