51. Kedu ihe ngosi dị iche iche na-egosipụta ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri?
Ewezuga ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ogige ndị na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri nsị (dị ka phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, wdg), ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-esiri ike biodegrade ma na-emerụ ahụ mmadụ nke ukwuu, dị ka mmanụ ala, anionic surfactants (LAS) . organic Chlorine na organophosphorus pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), elu-molekul synthetic polymers (dị ka plastik, sịntetik roba, artificial fibers, wdg), mmanụ ọkụ na ndị ọzọ organic bekee.
Standardkpụrụ mwepu zuru oke nke mba GB 8978-1996 nwere ụkpụrụ siri ike na ntinye nke nsị nke nwere ihe ndị dị n'elu na-egbu egbu ma na-emerụ ahụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche wepụrụ. Ihe ngosi dị mma nke mmiri gụnyere benzo (a) pyrene, mmanụ ala, phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, na organophosphorus pesticides (gbakọọ na P), tetrachloromethane, tetrachlorethylene, benzene, toluene, m-cresol na ihe 36 ndị ọzọ. Ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche nwere ihe ngosi mgbapu mmiri dị iche iche nke kwesịrị ịchịkwa. A ga-enyocha ma ihe nrịbama mmiri dị mma dabara n'ụkpụrụ mwepu nke mba dabere na ihe mejupụtara mmiri mkpofu nke ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla wepụrụ.
52.Olee ụdị ogige phenolic dị na mmiri?
Phenol bụ hydroxyl nke sitere na benzene, ya na otu hydroxyl ya jikọtara ya na mgbanaka benzene. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hydroxyl dị na mgbanaka benzene, enwere ike kewaa ya na phenols unitary (dị ka phenol) na polyphenols. Dị ka ma ọ nwere ike na-agbanwe na mmiri vepo, a na-ekewa ya na phenol na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na phenol na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, phenols ọ bụghị nanị na-ezo aka na phenol, kamakwa na-agụnye aha n'ozuzu nke phenolates dochie hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, carboxyl, wdg na ortho, meta na para ọnọdụ.
Ngwakọta phenolic na-ezo aka na benzene na ihe mgbanaka hydroxyl ya jikọtara ya. Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị. A na-ewerekarị na ndị nwere ebe isi n'okpuru 230oC bụ phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ karịa 230oC bụ phenols na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri na-ezo aka na ogige phenolic nke nwere ike ịgbakọta ọnụ na vepo mmiri n'oge distillation.
53.Kedu usoro a na-ejikarị atụle phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe?
Ebe ọ bụ na phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ ụdị ngwakọta karịa otu ogige, ọ bụrụgodị na a na-eji phenol mee ihe dị ka ọkọlọtọ, ihe ga-esi na ya pụta ga-adị iche ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji usoro nyocha dị iche iche. Iji mee ka nsonaazụ ya tụnyere ya, a ga-ejirịrị usoro ejikọtara ọnụ nke obodo ahụ akọwapụtara. Ụzọ nha ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry akọwapụtara na GB 7490-87 yana ikike bromination akọwapụtara na GB 7491-87. Iwu.
4-Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric method nwere ihe nnyonye anya ole na ole yana nghọta dị elu, yana dabara adaba iji tụọ ihe nlele mmiri dị ọcha na ọdịnaya phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe.<5mg>Usoro bromination volumetric dị mfe ma dị mfe iji rụọ ọrụ, ọ dịkwa mma maka ikpebi ọnụọgụ phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe na mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ> 10 mg / L ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. Ụkpụrụ bụ isi bụ na n'ime ngwọta na ngafe bromine, phenol na bromine na-emepụta tribromophenol, ma na-emepụta bromotribromophenol. Bromine nke fọdụrụ na-emeghachi omume na potassium iodide iji hapụ ayodiin efu, ebe bromotribromophenol na-emeghachi omume na potassium iodide iji mepụta tribromophenol na ayodiin efu. A na-ejizi sodium thiosulfate ngwọta tit iodine efu, na enwere ike gbakọọ ọdịnaya phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihe gbasara phenol dabere na oriri ya.
54. Kedu ihe echekwabara maka ịlele phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe?
Ebe ọ bụ na ikuku oxygen gbazere na ndị ọzọ oxidants na microorganisms nwere ike oxidize ma ọ bụ decompose phenolic ogige, na-eme ka ogige phenolic dị na mmiri na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị, usoro nke na-agbakwụnye acid (H3PO4) na eweda okpomọkụ na-na-ejikarị na-egbochi ihe microorganisms, na a zuru ezu. a na-agbakwunye sulfuric acid. Usoro ferrous na-ewepụ mmetụta nke oxidants. Ọbụlagodi na emere ihe ndị a dị n'elu, a ga-enyocha ma nwalee nyocha mmiri n'ime awa 24, a ga-echekwa ihe nlele mmiri n'ime karama ugegbe karịa ite rọba.
N'agbanyeghị usoro bromination volumetric ma ọ bụ usoro 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric, mgbe ihe nlele mmiri nwere oxidizing ma ọ bụ ibelata ihe, ion metal, amines aromatic, mmanụ na tars, wdg, ọ ga-enwe mmetụta na izi ezi nke nha. nnyonye anya, a ga-emerịrị ihe ndị dị mkpa iji kpochapụ mmetụta ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iwepụ oxidants site n'ịgbakwunye ferrous sulfate ma ọ bụ sodium arsenite, sulfides nwere ike wepụ site na ịgbakwunye ọla kọpa sulfate n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic, mmanụ na tar nwere ike wepụ site na mmịpụta na nkewa na organic solvents n'okpuru ike alkaline ọnọdụ. A na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-ebelata ihe ndị dị ka sulfate na formaldehyde site n'iwepụ ha na ihe mgbaze organic n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic na ịhapụ ihe ndị na-ebelata na mmiri. Mgbe ị na-enyocha nsị na mpaghara dị ntakịrị, mgbe ị nwetachara oge ụfọdụ ahụmahụ, a pụrụ ịkọwa ụdị ihe ndị na-etinye aka na ya, mgbe ahụ, a ga-ewepụ ụdị ihe ndị na-emetụta ya site na ịba ụba ma ọ bụ ibelata, na usoro nyocha nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe. dị ka o kwere mee.
Ọrụ distillation bụ isi nzọụkwụ na mkpebi nke phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe. Iji kpochapu phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe kpamkpam, a ga-agbanwe pH uru nke ihe nlele a ga-agbaze ka ọ bụrụ ihe dịka 4 (oke ngbanwe nke methyl oroma). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na usoro mgbanwe nke phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe na-adị ngwa ngwa, olu nke distillate anakọtara kwesịrị ịdị nhata na olu nke ihe nlele mbụ ka a ga-agbanye, ma ọ bụghị ya, a ga-emetụta nsonaazụ nha. Ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara distillate na-acha ọcha na turbid, a ga-ekpochapụ ya ọzọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic. Ọ bụrụ na distillate ka na-acha ọcha na turbid nke ugboro abụọ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na mmanụ na tar dị na mmiri mmiri, a ghaghị ime ọgwụgwọ kwekọrọ.
Ngụkọta ego tụrụ na iji bromination volumetric usoro bụ a ikwu uru, na arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ kpọmkwem site mba ụkpụrụ ga-n'ụzọ zuru ezu soro, gụnyere ego nke mmiri mmiri kwukwara, mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ na oge, wdg Ke adianade do, tribromophenol precipitates mfe encapsulate I2. ya mere ekwesịrị ịma jijiji nke ukwuu mgbe ọ na-abịaru nso ebe titration.
55. Kedu ihe echekwabara maka iji 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry iji chọpụta phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe?
Mgbe ị na-eji 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) spectrophotometry, a ga-arụ ọrụ niile n'ime mkpuchi uzuzu, a ga-ejikwa ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke mkpuchi anwụrụ ọkụ wepụ mmetụta ọjọọ nke benzene na-egbu egbu na onye ọrụ. .
Mmụba nke uru oghere reagent bụ nke kachasị n'ihi ihe ndị dị ka mmetọ na mmiri distilled, glassware na ngwaọrụ nnwale ndị ọzọ, yana mgbanwe nke ihe mgbaze mmịpụta n'ihi ịrị elu ụlọ okpomọkụ, ọ bụkwa n'ihi 4-AAP reagent. , nke na-adịkarị mfe ịnweta mmiri, caking na oxidation. , yabụ ekwesịrị ịme ihe dị mkpa iji hụ na ịdị ọcha nke 4-AAP dị. Mmepe agba nke mmeghachi omume na-adị mfe site na uru pH, yana uru pH nke ngwọta mmeghachi omume ga-achịkwarịrị n'etiti 9.8 na 10.2.
Ngwọta ọkọlọtọ nke phenol anaghị akwụsi ike. Ọkọlọtọ ngwọta nwere 1 mg phenol kwa ml kwesịrị idobe na refrjiraeto na enweghị ike iji ihe karịrị 30 ụbọchị. Ekwesịrị iji ngwọta ọkọlọtọ nwere 10 μg phenol kwa ml n'ụbọchị nkwadebe. Ekwesịrị iji ngwọta ọkọlọtọ nwere 1 μg phenol kwa ml mgbe nkwadebe. Jiri n'ime awa 2.
Jide n'aka na ịtinye reagents n'usoro dịka usoro arụ ọrụ ọkọlọtọ si dị, ma maa jijiji nke ọma mgbe ịgbakwunye reagent ọ bụla. Ọ bụrụ na ihe nchekwa ahụ emeghị ka ọ maa jijiji mgbe ọ gbakwụnyere ya, ntinye amonia na ngwọta nnwale ga-abụ nke na-adịghị mma, nke ga-emetụta mmeghachi omume ahụ. Amonia na-adịghị ọcha nwere ike ịbawanye uru efu karịa ugboro 10. Ọ bụrụ na a naghị eji amonia eme ihe ruo ogologo oge ka emepechara karama ahụ, a ga-ehichapụ ya tupu ejiri ya.
Acha ọbara ọbara aminoantipyrine emepụtara na-adịgide naanị ihe dị ka nkeji 30 n'ime mmiri mmiri mmiri, ma nwee ike kwụsie ike ruo awa 4 ka ewepụtara ya na chloroform. Ọ bụrụ na oge ahụ dị ogologo, agba ga-agbanwe site na-acha uhie uhie gaa na-acha odo odo. Ọ bụrụ na agba oghere ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke ukwuu n'ihi adịghị ọcha nke 4-aminoantipyrine, enwere ike iji nha ogologo 490nm iji melite nha nha. 4-Mgbe aminoantibi adịghị ọcha, enwere ike ịgbaze ya na methanol, wee kpochaa ya na carbon arụ ọrụ iji nụchaa ya.
Oge nzipu: Nov-23-2023
