19. Olee otú ọtụtụ mmiri sample dilution ụzọ dị mgbe a na-atụle BOD5? Kedu ihe kpachara anya maka ọrụ?
Mgbe ị na-atụle BOD5, a na-ekewa ụzọ ntinye mmiri nke mmiri n'ime ụdị abụọ: usoro nkwụsịtụ n'ozuzu na usoro dilution kpọmkwem. Usoro nchikota n'ozuzu chọrọ oke mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ inoculation dilution mmiri.
Usoro mgbaze n'ozuzu bụ ịgbakwunye ihe dị ka 500mL nke mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ inoculation dilution mmiri na 1L ma ọ bụ 2L nke gụchara cylinder, wee gbakwunye otu olu nke mmiri mmiri gbakọọ, tinyekwuo mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ inoculation dilution mmiri n'ogo zuru ezu, ma jiri a. roba na njedebe na mkpanaka iko gburugburu na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-akpali elu ma ọ bụ gbadaa n'okpuru mmiri. N'ikpeazụ, jiri siphon na-ewebata ihe ngwọta mmiri gwakọtara ọnụ n'ime karama omenala, jupụta ya na ntakịrị mmiri ozuzo, jiri nlezianya kpuchie ihe nkwụsị karama ahụ, ma mechie ya na mmiri. Ọnụ karama. Maka ihe nlele mmiri nwere oke dilution nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ, enwere ike iji ihe ngwọta agwakọta nke fọdụrụ. Mgbe ngụkọ gasịrị, a ga-agbakwunye ụfọdụ mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ inoculated mmiri dilution, gwakọta ma tinye ya na karama omenala n'otu ụzọ ahụ.
Usoro mgbaze ozugbo bụ ibu ụzọ webata ihe dị ka ọkara olu nke mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ inoculation dilution mmiri n'ime karama omenala nke olu a ma ama site na ịsacha, wee gbanye olu nke mmiri nke kwesịrị ịgbakwunye na karama omenala ọ bụla gbakọọ dabere na dilution. ihe tinyere mgbidi karama. , mgbe ahụ, webata mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ inoculate mmiri dilution na karama ahụ, jiri nlezianya mechie ihe mgbochi karama ahụ, ma jiri mmiri mechie ọnụ karama ahụ.
Mgbe ị na-eji usoro dilution kpọmkwem, a ga-akwụ ụgwọ nlebara anya pụrụ iche ka ị ghara iwebata mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ na-agbanye mmiri mmiri ngwa ngwa na njedebe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ dị mkpa iji nyochaa iwu ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka iwebata ụda kachasị mma iji zere njehie kpatara oke oke.
N'agbanyeghị usoro a na-eji, mgbe ị na-ewebata ihe nlele mmiri n'ime karama omenala, omume ahụ ga-adị nwayọọ iji zere afụ, ikuku na-agbaze n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ikuku oxygen na-esi na mmiri pụta. N'otu oge ahụ, jide n'aka na ị kpachara anya mgbe ị na-akụchi karama ahụ nke ọma ka ị ghara ịfụ ikuku nke fọdụrụ na karama ahụ, nke nwere ike imetụta nsonaazụ nha. Mgbe a na-emepụta karama omenala n'ime incubator, a ga-enyocha akara mmiri kwa ụbọchị ma jupụta na mmiri n'oge iji gbochie mmiri na-ekpuchi mmiri na-ekpochapụ na ikwe ka ikuku banye na karama ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mpịakọta nke karama omenala abụọ a na-eji tupu ụbọchị 5 gachara ga-abụ otu iji belata mmejọ.
20. Kedu nsogbu nwere ike ibilite mgbe ị na-atụ BOD5?
Mgbe a na-atụle BOD5 na nsị nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nsị na nitrification, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ọtụtụ nje bacteria nitrifying, nsonaazụ nha gụnyere ikuku oxygen nke ihe nwere nitrogen dị ka amonia nitrogen. Mgbe ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche nke ikuku oxygen nke ihe carbonaceous na ikuku oxygen na-achọ ihe nitrogen dị na nlele mmiri, enwere ike iji usoro ịgbakwunye nitrification inhibitors na mmiri dilution iji kpochapụ nitrification n'oge usoro mkpebi BOD5. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgbakwunye 10mg 2-chloro-6- (trichloromethyl) pyridine ma ọ bụ 10mg propenyl thiourea, wdg.
BOD5/CODCr dị nso na 1 ma ọ bụ ọbụna karịa 1, nke na-egosikarị na enwere njehie na usoro nyocha. A ga-enyocharịrị njikọ ọ bụla nke ule ahụ, a ga-akwụrịrị nlebara anya pụrụ iche ma a na-ewere ihe nlele mmiri nke ọma. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe nkịtị ka BOD5/CODMn dị nso na 1 ma ọ bụ ọbụna karịa 1, n'ihi na ogo oxidation nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na mmiri site na potassium permanganate dị ala karịa nke potassium dichromate. Uru CODMn nke otu ihe nlele mmiri na-adị ala mgbe ụfọdụ karịa uru CODCR. ọtụtụ n'ime.
Mgbe enwere ihe na-eme mgbe niile na ihe dilution ka ukwuu na uru BOD5 dị elu, ihe kpatara ya na-abụkarị na ihe nlele mmiri nwere ihe ndị na-egbochi uto na mmepụta nke microorganisms. Mgbe ihe dilution dị ala, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mgbochi dị n'ime mmiri dị ukwuu, na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume na nje bacteria na-arụ ọrụ biodegradation dị irè, na-ebute nsonaazụ nha BOD5 dị ala. N'oge a, ekwesịrị ịchọta ihe ndị dị na ya ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpata ihe ndị na-egbu nje na-egbu egbu, ma ekwesịrị ịme ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji kpochapụ ma ọ bụ kpuchie ha tupu nha.
Mgbe BOD5 / CODCR dị ala, dị ka n'okpuru 0.2 ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'okpuru 0.1, ọ bụrụ na mmiri a tụrụ atụ bụ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ihe ndị dị na mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ihe atụ mmiri a tụrụ atụ bụ nsị nke obodo ma ọ bụ gwakọta ya na ụfọdụ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, nke bụ akụkụ nke nsị anụ ụlọ, ọ bụghị nanị n'ihi na ihe nlele mmiri nwere ihe ndị na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ọgwụ nje, ma ihe ndị na-emekarị bụ ndị na-adịghị anọpụ iche pH uru. na ọnụnọ nke chlorine fungicides fọdụrụnụ. Iji zere njehie, n'oge usoro nha BOD5, a ghaghị imezi ụkpụrụ pH nke mmiri mmiri na mmiri dilution na 7 na 7.2 n'otu n'otu. A ga-emerịrị nyocha oge niile na nlele mmiri nwere ike ịnwe oxidants dị ka chlorine fọdụrụnụ.
21. Kedu ihe ndị na-egosi ihe ndị na-edozi ihe ọkụkụ na mmiri mkpofu?
Ihe na-edozi ihe ọkụkụ gụnyere nitrogen, phosphorus na ihe ndị ọzọ a chọrọ maka uto na mmepe osisi. Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na-agafeghị oke nwere ike ịkwalite uto nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na microorganisms. Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke ihe ọkụkụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri ga-eme ka algae na-amụba n'ime ahụ mmiri, na-ebute ihe a na-akpọ "eutrophication", nke ga-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo njọ, na-emetụta mmepụta azụ na-emerụ ahụ mmadụ. Nnukwu eutrophication nke ọdọ mmiri na-emighị emi nwere ike iduga swamping ọdọ na ọnwụ.
N'otu oge ahụ, ihe ọkụkụ na-edozi ahụ bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa maka uto na mmepụta nke microorganisms na sludge na-arụ ọrụ, ma bụrụ isi ihe metụtara ọrụ nkịtị nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ndu. Ya mere, a na-eji ihe ngosi ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta ihe na mmiri dị ka ihe nchịkwa dị mkpa na-arụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri.
Ngosipụta ịdị mma mmiri nke na-egosi nri ihe ọkụkụ dị na nsị bụ tumadi ogige nitrogen (dị ka nitrogen organic, amonia nitrogen, nitrite na nitrate, wdg) na ogige phosphorus (dịka mkpokọta phosphorus, phosphate, wdg). N'ọrụ ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri na-emekarị, ha na-enyochakarị amonia nitrogen na phosphate na mmiri na-abata na nke na-apụ apụ. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụ iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ nkịtị nke ọgwụgwọ ihe ndị dị ndụ, na n'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụ ịchọpụta ma ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-ezute ụkpụrụ nkwụsị nke mba.
22.Gịnị bụ ihe ngosi àgwà mmiri nke ogige nitrogen a na-ejikarị eme ihe? Olee otú ha si metụta?
Ngosipụta ogo mmiri a na-ejikarị na-anọchi anya ogige nitrogen na mmiri gụnyere mkpokọta nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, amonia nitrogen, nitrite na nitrate.
Amonia nitrogen bụ nitrogen nke dị n'ụdị NH3 na NH4+ n'ime mmiri. Ọ bụ ngwaahịa nzọụkwụ mbụ nke oxidative decomposition nke organic nitrogen ogige na bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke mmetọ mmiri. Amonia nitrogen nwere ike oxidized n'ime nitrite (nke a kọwara dị ka NO2-) n'okpuru omume nke nitrite bacteria, na nitrite nwere ike oxidized n'ime nitrate (kọwara dị ka NO3-) n'okpuru omume nke nitrate bacteria. Enwere ike ibelata nitrate ka ọ bụrụ nitrite n'okpuru ọrụ nke microorganisms na gburugburu ikuku oxygen. Mgbe nitrogen dị n'ime mmiri na-abụkarị n'ụdị nitrate, ọ nwere ike igosi na ọdịnaya nke ihe ndị dị na nitrogen nwere n'ime mmiri dị ntakịrị ma mmiri ahụ erutela onwe ya ọcha.
Enwere ike tụọ nchikota nitrogen organic na amonia nitrogen site na iji usoro Kjeldahl (GB 11891-89). A na-akpọkwa ọdịnaya nitrogen nke ihe atụ mmiri nke usoro Kjeldahl tụrụ atụ Kjeldahl nitrogen, yabụ Kjeldahl nitrogen nke a na-akpọkarị bụ amonia nitrogen. na organic nitrogen. Mgbe o wepụsịrị nitrogen amonia site na nlele mmiri, a na-atụ ya site na usoro Kjeldahl. Ọnụ ego a tụrụ atụ bụ organic nitrogen. Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ Kjeldahl nitrogen na amonia nitrogen iche n'ụdị mmiri, ihe dị iche bụ nitrogen organic. Enwere ike iji Kjeldahl nitrogen mee ihe dị ka akara njikwa maka ọdịnaya nitrogen nke mmiri na-abata nke akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ nsị, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe nrịbama maka ịchịkwa eutrophication nke mmiri anụ ahụ dị ka osimiri, ọdọ mmiri na oké osimiri.
Ngụkọta nitrogen bụ nchikota nke organic nitrogen, amonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen na nitrate nitrogen na mmiri, nke bụ nchikota nke Kjeldahl nitrogen na mkpokọta oxide nitrogen. Ngụkọta nitrogen, nitrogen nitrite na nitrate nitrate niile nwere ike iji spectrophotometry tụọ. Maka usoro nyocha nke nitrogen nitrite, lee GB7493-87, maka usoro nyocha nke nitrate nitrogen, hụ GB7480-87, yana maka usoro nyocha nitrogen zuru oke, hụ GB 11894--89. Ngụkọta nitrogen na-anọchi anya mkpokọta nitrogen n'ime mmiri. Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-egosi njikwa mmetọ mmiri sitere n'okike na ihe njikwa dị mkpa na usoro ọgwụgwọ nsị.
23. Gịnị bụ ihe kpachara anya maka ịtụ amonia nitrogen?
Ụzọ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ikpebi amonia nitrogen bụ ụzọ colorimetric, ya bụ Nessler's reagent colorimetric method (GB 7479-87) na salicylic acid-hypochlorite method (GB 7481-87). Enwere ike ịchekwa ihe nlele mmiri site na acidification na sulfuric acid gbadoro anya. Usoro a kapịrị ọnụ bụ iji sulfuric acid gbadoro anya iji dozie uru pH nke ihe nlele mmiri n'etiti 1.5 na 2, ma chekwaa ya na gburugburu 4oC. Opekempe nchọpụta nke usoro Nessler reagent colorimetric yana usoro salicylic acid-hypochlorite bụ 0.05mg/L na 0.01mg/L (gbakọrọ na N) n'otu n'otu. Mgbe ị na-atụ ihe nlele mmiri na ntinye uche n'elu 0.2mg/L Mgbe , enwere ike iji usoro volumetric (CJ/T75-1999). Iji nweta nsonaazụ ziri ezi, n'agbanyeghị usoro nyocha nke a na-eji, a ga-emerịrị ihe nlele mmiri mgbe ị na-atụle nitrogen amonia.
Uru pH nke ihe nlele mmiri nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpebi nke amonia. Ọ bụrụ na uru pH dị oke elu, a ga-agbanwe ụfọdụ ogige organic nwere nitrogen ka ọ bụrụ amonia. Ọ bụrụ na uru pH dị ala, akụkụ nke amonia ga-anọgide na mmiri n'oge kpo oku na distillation. Iji nweta nsonaazụ ziri ezi, a ga-edozi ihe nlele mmiri na-anọpụ iche tupu nyocha. Ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele mmiri dị oke acidic ma ọ bụ alkaline, enwere ike gbanwee uru pH ka ọ ghara ịnọpụ iche site na 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution ma ọ bụ 1mol/L sulfuric acid solution. Mgbe ahụ, tinye ihe ngwọta phosphate iji nọgide na-enwe uru pH na 7.4, wee mee distillation. Mgbe kpochara, amonia na-ekpochapụ na mmiri na steeti gas. N'oge a, a na-eji 0.01 ~ 0.02mol/L dilute sulfuric acid (phenol-hypochlorite method) ma ọ bụ 2% dilute boric acid (Nessler's reagent method) iji banye ya.
Maka ụfọdụ ihe atụ mmiri nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya Ca2 +, mgbe agbakwunyere ngwọta phosphate buffer, Ca2 + na PO43 - na-emepụta Ca3 (PO43-) 2 na-adịghị edozi ma hapụ H + na phosphate, nke na-ebelata uru pH. N'ụzọ doro anya, ion ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịmalite na phosphate nwekwara ike imetụta uru pH nke ihe nlele mmiri n'oge distillation dị ọkụ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, maka ụdị mmiri dị otú ahụ, ọ bụrụgodị na a na-edozi uru pH na-anọpụ iche na agbakwunyere ngwọta phosphate buffer, uru pH ka ga-adị ala karịa uru a tụrụ anya ya. Ya mere, maka nlele mmiri amaghi ama, tụọ uru pH ọzọ mgbe distillation gasịrị. Ọ bụrụ na uru pH adịghị n'etiti 7.2 na 7.6, a ga-abawanye ọnụọgụ nke ngwọta nchekwa. N'ozuzu, a ga-agbakwunye 10 ml nke ngwọta phosphate maka 250 mg nke calcium ọ bụla.
24. Kedu ihe ndị na-egosi ịdị mma mmiri nke na-egosipụta ọdịnaya nke ogige nwere phosphorus na mmiri? Olee otú ha si metụta?
Phosphorus bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa maka uto nke ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Ọtụtụ n'ime phosphorus dị na mmiri dị n'ụdị phosphates dị iche iche, na obere ego dị n'ụdị ogige phosphorus organic. Enwere ike kewaa phosphates dị na mmiri ụzọ abụọ: orthophosphate na phosphate condensed. Orthophosphate na-ezo aka na phosphates nke dị n'ụdị PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, wdg, ebe phosphate condensed gụnyere pyrophosphate na metaphosphoric acid. Nnu na polymeric phosphates, dị ka P2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3) 63-, wdg. Organophosphorus ogige tumadi gụnyere phosphates, phosphites, pyrophosphates, hypophosphites na amine phosphates. Nchikota nke phosphates na organic phosphorus ka a na-akpọ mkpokọta phosphorus ma bụrụkwa ihe dị mkpa na-egosi àgwà mmiri.
Usoro nyocha nke mkpokọta phosphorus (lee GB 11893-89 maka ụzọ akọwapụtara) nwere usoro abụọ bụ isi. Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ iji oxidants gbanwee ụdị dị iche iche nke phosphorus n'ime ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ bụrụ phosphates. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ bụ ịlele orthophosphate, wee tụgharịa gbakọọ mkpokọta phosphorus. N'oge a na-arụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-adịghị na ya, a ga-enyocha ma tụọ ọdịnaya phosphate nke nsị na-abanye na ngwaọrụ ọgwụgwọ biochemical na nsị nke tankị sedimentation nke abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na ọdịnaya phosphate nke mmiri na-abata ezughị oke, a ga-agbakwunye ụfọdụ fatịlaịza phosphate iji gbakwunye ya; Ọ bụrụ na ọdịnaya phosphate dị n'ime mmiri na-asọpụta mmiri nke abụọ gafere ọkwa ọkwa mbụ nke mba nke 0.5mg/L, a ga-atụle usoro iwepụ phosphorus.
25. Gịnị bụ ihe kpachara anya maka mkpebi phosphate?
Usoro maka ịlele phosphate bụ na n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic, phosphate na ammonium molybdate na-emepụta phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, nke na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ mgbagwoju na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (nke a na-akpọ molybdenum blue) na-eji ihe na-ebelata chloride stannous ma ọ bụ ascorbic acid. Usoro CJ/T78-1999), ị nwekwara ike iji mmanụ alkaline mepụta ogige nwere agba nwere ọtụtụ ihe maka nha spectrophotometric ozugbo.
Ihe nlele mmiri nwere phosphorus anaghị akwụsi ike, a na-enyocha ya nke ọma ozugbo anakọtara ya. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị ike ịme nyocha ahụ ozugbo, tinye 40 mg mercury chloride ma ọ bụ 1 mL sulfuric acid na-etinye n'ime lita mmiri ọ bụla maka nchekwa, wee chekwaa ya na karama iko aja aja ma tinye ya na friji 4oC. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ihe atụ mmiri naanị maka nyocha nke mkpokọta phosphorus, ọ dịghị ọgwụgwọ nchekwa achọrọ.
Ebe ọ bụ na phosphate nwere ike gbasaa na mgbidi nke karama rọba, a pụghị iji karama rọba chekwaa ihe nlele mmiri. A ga-eji mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ sachaa karama iko niile e ji mee ihe ma ọ bụ na-agbaze nitric acid, wee jiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-asachapụ ọtụtụ oge.
26. Kedu ihe ngosi dị iche iche na-egosipụta ọdịnaya nke ihe siri ike na mmiri?
Ihe siri ike na nsị na-agụnye ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri n'elu mmiri, ihe a kwụsịrị n'ime mmiri, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-adaba na ala na ihe siri ike gbazere na mmiri. Ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri bụ nnukwu iberibe ma ọ bụ nnukwu ihe adịghị ọcha na-ese n'elu mmiri ma nwee njupụta na-erughị mmiri. Akwụsịla okwu bụ obere urughuru adịghị kwụsịtụrụ na mmiri. Sedimentable okwu bụ adịghị ọcha nwere ike idozi na ala nke mmiri mgbe oge na-adịghị. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nsị niile nwere ihe sedimentable nwere ihe mgbagwoju anya. A na-akpọ ihe sedimentable nke kachasị ihe mejupụtara ya bụ sludge, a na-akpọkwa sedimentable ihe kachasị nke ihe inorganic mejupụtara bụ ihe fọdụrụnụ. Ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri na-esikarị ike ịkọwapụta, mana enwere ike tụọ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike site na iji ihe ngosi ndị a.
Ihe ngosi nke na-egosiputa mkpokọta ihe siri ike na mmiri bụ mkpokọta siri ike, ma ọ bụ mkpokọta siri ike. Dị ka solubility nke ihe ndị siri ike na mmiri, enwere ike kewaa mkpokọta siri ike n'ime ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (Dissolved Solid, abbreviated as DS) na nkwụsịtụ siri ike (Suspend Solid, abbreviated as SS). Dị ka ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ihe ndị siri ike na mmiri, enwere ike kewaa ihe ndị siri ike na-agbanwe agbanwe (VS) na ihe siri ike (FS, nke a na-akpọkwa ash). N'ime ha, agbaze agbaze (DS) na nkwụsịtụ siri ike (SS) nwere ike kewaa ọzọ n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ndị ọzọ na-egosi.
Oge nzipu: Sep-28-2023
