62.Kedu usoro eji atụ cyanide?
Ụzọ nyocha nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka cyanide bụ titration volumetric na spectrophotometry. GB7486-87 na GB7487-87 n'otu n'otu na-akọwapụta usoro mkpebi nke mkpokọta cyanide na cyanide. Usoro titration volumetric dabara adaba maka nyocha nke ihe nlele mmiri cyanide dị elu, yana nha nha nke 1 ruo 100 mg / l; usoro spectrophotometric gụnyere usoro isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone colorimetric na usoro arsine-barbituric acid colorimetric. Ọ dabara maka nyocha nke ihe nlele mmiri cyanide dị ala, yana nha nha nke 0.004 ~ 0.25mg / L.
Ụkpụrụ nke titration volumetric bụ titrate na ngwọta ọlaọcha nitrate ọkọlọtọ. Cyanide ion na ọlaọcha nitrate na-emepụta ion siri ike cyanide ọlaọcha. Ọlaọcha ion ngafe na-emeghachi omume site na ihe ngosipụta ihe ngosi ọlaọcha chloride, ihe ngwọta ya na-agbanwe site na odo gaa na oroma-acha ọbara ọbara. Ụkpụrụ nke spectrophotometry bụ na n'okpuru ọnọdụ na-anọpụ iche, cyanide na-emeghachi omume na chloramine T iji mepụta cyanogen chloride, nke na-emeghachi na apyridine iji mepụta glutenedialdehyde, nke na-emeghachi na apyridinone ma ọ bụ barbine Tomic acid na-emepụta ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ ọbara ọbara-acha odo odo, na omimi nke agba dabara na ọdịnaya cyanide.
Enwere ụfọdụ ihe nnyonye anya na ma titration na nha spectrophotometry, yana usoro ọgwụgwọ dị ka ịgbakwunye kemịkalụ akọwapụtara na tupu distillation na-achọkarị. Mgbe ịta nke ihe ndị na-etinye aka na-abaghị uru, a pụrụ imezu nzube ahụ naanị site na tupu distillation.
63. Gịnị bụ ihe kpachara anya maka ịtụ cyanide?
⑴ Cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, arsenic na-egbukwa egbu. A ghaghị ịkpachara anya mgbe a na-arụ ọrụ nyocha, a ga-emerịrị ya na mkpuchi uzuzu iji zere mmetọ nke akpụkpọ ahụ na anya. Mgbe ịta nke ihe ndị na-etinye aka na mmiri dị n'ime mmiri adịghị nnukwu, a na-atụgharị cyanide dị mfe n'ime hydrogen cyanide ma hapụ ya na mmiri site na tupu distillation n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic, mgbe ahụ, a na-anakọta ya site na ngwọta sodium hydroxide na-asachapụ, mgbe ahụ, ihe dị mfe. cyanide na-agbanwe ghọọ hydrogen cyanide. Chọpụta cyanide dị mfe na cyanide dị mgbagwoju anya, na-abawanye ntinye nke cyanide na njedebe nchọpụta dị ala.
⑵ Ọ bụrụ na ntinye nke ihe na-etinye aka na ihe nlele mmiri dị oke, a ga-ebu ụzọ mee ihe ndị dị mkpa iji kpochapụ mmetụta ha. Ọnụnọ nke oxidants ga-emebi cyanide. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eche na e nwere oxidants na mmiri, ị nwere ike ịgbakwunye sodium thiosulfate kwesịrị ekwesị iji kpochapụ nnyonye anya ya. Ekwesịrị ịchekwa ihe nlele mmiri n'ime karama polyethylene wee nyochaa n'ime awa 24 ka anakọtara. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, a ga-agbakwunye sodium hydroxide siri ike ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta sodium hydroxide siri ike iji mee ka uru pH nke ihe nlele mmiri dị na 12 ~ 12.5.
⑶ N'oge distillation acidic, sulfide nwere ike ịpụ n'ụdị hydrogen sulfide ma tinye ya na mmiri mmiri alkali, yabụ a ga-ewepụrịrị ya tupu oge eruo. Enwere ụzọ abụọ iji wepụ sọlfọ. Otu bụ ịgbakwunye oxidant nke na-apụghị oxidize CN- (dị ka potassium permanganate) n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic ka oxidize S2- wee distilled ya; nke ọzọ bụ ịgbakwunye CdCO3 ma ọ bụ CbCO3 ntụ ntụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mepụta ígwè. Sulfide na-ebuli elu, a na-ehichapụkwa ihe na-asọpụta ma mechaa gbanye ya.
⑷N'oge mgbasa acidic, ihe ndị nwere mmanu nwekwara ike ikpochapụ. N'oge a, ị nwere ike iji (1 + 9) acetic acid gbanwee pH uru nke ihe nlele mmiri na 6 ~ 7, wee tinye ngwa ngwa 20% nke ihe nlele mmiri na hexane ma ọ bụ chloroform. Wepụ (ọ bụghị ọtụtụ oge), wee jiri ngwọta sodium hydroxide ozugbo bulie uru pH nke ihe nlele mmiri na 12 ~ 12.5 wee distill.
⑸ N'oge distillation acidic nke ihe nlele mmiri nwere oke carbonates, a ga-ahapụ carbon dioxide wee kpokọta ya site na mmiri ịsa mmiri sodium hydroxide, na-emetụta nsonaazụ nha. Mgbe ị na-ezute mmiri mmiri carbonate dị elu, enwere ike iji calcium hydroxide kama sodium hydroxide iji dozie ihe nlele mmiri, nke mere na pH uru nke ihe nlele mmiri na-abawanye ruo 12 ~ 12.5 na mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, a na-awụsa ihe na-egbuke egbuke n'ime karama sample. .
⑹ Mgbe ị na-atụle cyanide site na iji fotometry, uru pH nke ngwọta mmeghachi omume na-emetụta uru nnabata nke agba. Ya mere, a ghaghị ịchịkwa ntinye nke alkali nke ngwọta absorption nke ọma na ikike nchekwa nke phosphate buffer ga-aṅa ntị. Mgbe ị gbakwunyere ụfọdụ ihe nchekwa, ekwesịrị ịkwụ nlebara anya iji chọpụta ma enwere ike iru oke pH kacha mma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbe edozichara ihe nchekwa phosphate, a ghaghị iji mita pH tụọ uru pH ya iji hụ ma ọ na-emezu ihe ndị a chọrọ iji zere nnukwu mgbanwe n'ihi reagents adịghị ọcha ma ọ bụ ọnụnọ nke mmiri kristal.
⑺Mgbanwe nke ọdịnaya chlorine dị nke ammonium chloride T bụkwa ihe na-akpatakarị mkpebi cyanide na-ezighi ezi. Mgbe enweghị mmepe agba ma ọ bụ mmepe agba abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ na mmetụta uche dị ala, na mgbakwunye na ntụgharị na uru pH nke ngwọta, ọ na-ejikọta ya na àgwà nke ammonium chloride T. Ya mere, ọdịnaya chlorine dị. Ammonium chloride T kwesịrị ịdị karịa 11%. Ọ bụrụ na agbakasịla ya ma ọ bụ nwee nsụda mmiri mgbe emechara ya, enweghị ike iji ya mee ihe ọzọ.
64.Kedu ihe bụ biophases?
N'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ aerobic nke usoro ọgwụgwọ, n'agbanyeghị ụdị nhazi ahụ na usoro ahụ, ihe ndị dị na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ oxidized ma mebie n'ime ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe site na ọrụ metabolic nke sludge na-arụ ọrụ na biofilm microorganisms na usoro ọgwụgwọ. Ya mere, a na-asachapụ mmiri mkpofu. Ọdịmma nke nsị a na-agwọ ọrịa metụtara ụdị, ọnụọgụ na ọrụ metabolic nke microorganisms nke mejupụtara sludge na-arụ ọrụ na biofilm. Nhazi na njikwa ọrụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụlọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ iji nye ọnọdụ obibi ndụ ka mma maka sludge na-arụ ọrụ na microorganisms biofilm ka ha wee nwee ike ịgbatị ike metabolic ha kacha.
N'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri na-adịghị ndụ, microorganisms bụ otu zuru oke: sludge na-arụ ọrụ bụ nke ọtụtụ microorganisms dị iche iche, microorganisms dị iche iche ga-emekọrịta ihe na ibe ha ma biri na gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. Ụdị dị iche iche nke microorganisms nwere iwu uto nke ha na usoro ọgwụgwọ ndu. Dị ka ihe atụ, mgbe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ihe ndị dị n’ahụ́ dị elu, nje bacteria ndị na-eri ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-achị ma na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ kasịnụ nke microorganisms. Mgbe ọnụọgụ nke nje bacteria buru ibu, protozoa nke na-eri nje bacteria ga-apụtarịrị, mgbe ahụ, micrometazoa nke na-eri nje bacteria na protozoa ga-apụta.
Ụdị uto nke microorganisms na sludge na-arụ ọrụ na-enyere aka ịghọta àgwà mmiri nke usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu site na microscopy microbial. Ọ bụrụ na a chọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke flagellates n'oge nyocha nke microscopic, ọ pụtara na ntinye nke ihe ndị dị na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ka dị elu ma na-achọkwu ọgwụgwọ ọzọ; mgbe a na-ahụ ciliates igwu mmiri n'oge nyocha nke microscopic, ọ pụtara na a na-edozi mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ; mgbe a na-ahụ sessile ciliates n'okpuru nyocha nke microscopic, Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ciliates igwu mmiri dị ntakịrị, ọ pụtara na e nwere ihe dị ntakịrị organic na nje bacteria na-efu na mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri, na mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri dị nso ka ọ kwụsie ike; mgbe a na-ahụ rotifers n'okpuru microscope, ọ pụtara na ịdị mma mmiri dị ntakịrị.
65.Gịnị bụ microscope biographic? kedu ihe bụ ọrụ ahụ?
Enwere ike iji microscopy biophase n'ozuzu naanị iji tụọ ọnọdụ mkpokọta ịdị mma mmiri. Ọ bụ ule qualitative na enweghị ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka akara njikwa maka ịdị mma nke sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpofu mmiri. Iji nyochaa mgbanwe n'usoro microfauna, a chọkwara ịgụta ọnụ mgbe niile.
Sludge na-arụ ọrụ na biofilm bụ isi ihe dị na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu nke ndu. Uto, mmeputakwa, metabolic omume nke microorganisms na sludge na ndị ga-anọchi n'etiti microbial umu nwere ike na-egosipụta kpọmkwem ọnọdụ ọgwụgwọ. E jiri ya tụnyere mkpebi siri ike nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, biophase microscopy dị mfe karị. Ị nwere ike ịghọta mgbanwe na onu ogugu onu ogugu onu ogugu nke protozoa na sludge na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ọ bụla, na otú i nwere ike preliminarily ikpe ogo nke ọcha nke nsị ma ọ bụ àgwà mmiri na-abata. yana ma ọnọdụ arụ ọrụ ọ̀ bụ nke nkịtị. Ya mere, na mgbakwunye na iji anụ ahụ na kemịkal pụtara tụọ Njirimara nke sludge arụ ọrụ, ị nwekwara ike iji a mikroskopu na-edebe onye morphology, ibu ije na ikwu nke ukwu nke microorganisms ikpe ọrụ nke mmiri mkpofu ọgwụgwọ, ka ịchọpụta ndiiche. ọnọdụ n'oge ma mee ihe n'oge. Ekwesịrị iwere ihe mgbochi kwesịrị ekwesị iji hụ na arụ ọrụ nke ngwaọrụ ọgwụgwọ kwụsiri ike ma melite mmetụta ọgwụgwọ.
66. Kedu ihe anyị kwesịrị ịṅa ntị mgbe anyị na-ahụ ihe ndị dị ndụ n'okpuru ịdị elu dị ala?
Nleba anya dị ala bụ ịhụ nkọwa zuru oke nke usoro ndu. Lezienụ anya na nha nke sludge floc, njigide nke ihe owuwu sludge, oke nje jelii na filamentous nje na ọnọdụ uto, na ndekọ ma mee nkọwa dị mkpa. . Sludge nwere nnukwu sludge flocs nwere arụmọrụ ndozi dị mma yana nguzogide siri ike na mmetụta dị elu.
Enwere ike kewaa sludge flocs ụzọ atọ dịka dayameta ha dị: sludge flocs nwere nkezi dayameta> 500 μm ka a na-akpọ sludge buru ibu,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Njirimara nke sludge flocs na-ezo aka na ọdịdị, nhazi, tightness nke sludge flocs na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria na sludge. N'oge nyocha nke obere ihe, a na-akpọ sludge flocs nke dị ihe dị ka gburugburu gburugburu, ndị dị nnọọ iche na ọdịdị gburugburu ka a na-akpọ flocs ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.
A na-akpọ oghere netwọk dị na flocs ejikọrọ na nkwusioru n'èzí flocs, na ndị na-enweghị oghere oghere ka a na-akpọ ụlọ mechiri emechi. A na-ahazi nje bacteria micelle dị na flocs nke ọma, na ndị nwere oke doro anya n'etiti akụkụ floc na nkwusioru nke mpụga ka a na-akpọ flocs siri ike, ebe ndị nwere akụkụ na-edoghị anya ka a na-akpọ flocs rụrụ arụ.
Omume egosila na gburugburu, mechiri emechi, na kọmpat flocs dị mfe ịchịkọta na itinye uche na ibe ha, na-enwekwa arụmọrụ nhazi nke ọma. Ma ọ bụghị ya, arụmọrụ edozi adịghị mma.
67. Gịnị ka anyị kwesịrị ịṅa ntị mgbe anyị na-ekiri ihe ndị dị ndụ n'okpuru ịdị elu?
N'ileba anya na ịdị elu dị elu, ị nwere ike ịhụ n'ihu na njirimara nhazi nke ụmụ anụmanụ. Mgbe ị na-ekiri, ị kwesịrị ị na-aṅa ntị na ọdịdị na esịtidem Ọdịdị nke micro-anụmanụ, dị ka ma e nwere nri mkpụrụ ndụ na ozu nke mgbịrịgba ikpuru, swing nke ciliates, wdg. Mgbe na-ekiri jelii clumps, nlebara anya kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ. ọkpụrụkpụ na agba nke jelii, nkezi nke ọhụrụ jelii clumps, wdg Mgbe ịhụ filamentous bacteria, ntị ma e nwere lipid bekee na sọlfọ ahụ chịkọbara na filamentous nje bacteria. N'otu oge ahụ, ṅaa ntị na nhazi, ọdịdị na àgwà mmegharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ na nje bacteria na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na mbụ na-ekpe ikpe ụdị nje bacteria na-egbuke egbuke (nchọpụta ọzọ nke nje bacteria filamentous). Ụdị chọrọ iji lens mmanụ na nsị nke ihe nlele sludge na-arụ ọrụ).
68. Kedu ka esi ekewa microorganisms filamentous n'oge nlele oge ndu?
Ihe microorganisms dị n'ime sludge na-arụ ọrụ gụnyere nje bacteria filamentous, fungi filamentous, filamentous algae (cyanobacteria) na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ jikọtara na-etolite filamentous thalli. N'ime ha, nje bacteria na-egbu egbu bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị. Ọnụ na nje bacteria na colloidal otu, Ọ mejupụtara isi akụrụngwa nke sludge floc na-arụ ọrụ. Nje bacteria na-egbuke egbuke nwere ikike siri ike nke oxidize na decompose organic matter. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nnukwu ebe dị elu nke nje bacteria filamentous, mgbe nje bacteria na-egbuke egbuke na sludge gafere oke jelii nje ma na-achịkwa uto, nje bacteria na-esi na floc gaa na sludge. Mgbatị mpụga ga-egbochi njikọta n'etiti flocs wee bulie uru SV na uru SVI nke sludge. N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọ ga-eme ka sludge gbasaa. Ya mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke bacteria filamentous bụ ihe kachasị mkpa na-emetụta arụmọrụ sludge.
Dị ka ọnụọgụ nke nje bacteria na-esi na nje bacteria gelatinous na sludge na-arụ ọrụ, enwere ike kewaa nje bacteria filamentous na ọkwa ise: ①00 - ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nje bacteria na-adịghị na sludge; ② ± ọkwa - enwere obere nje na-enweghị filamentous na sludge. Ọkwa ③ + - Enwere ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke nje bacteria na sludge, na ngụkọta ego dị obere karịa nje bacteria na jelii jelii; Ọkwa ④++ - E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nje bacteria na sludge, na ngụkọta ego bụ roughly hà nje bacteria na jelii uka; ⑤++ ọkwa - The sludge flocs nwere filamentous bacteria dị ka ọkpụkpụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria budata karịa nke micelle bacteria.
69. Kedu mgbanwe dị na microorganisms sludge na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ilebara anya n'oge nlele usoro ndu?
Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị microorganisms na sludge na-arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ nsị nke obodo mepere emepe. Ọ dị mfe ịghọta ọnọdụ sludge na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịhụ mgbanwe n'ụdị microbial, ụdị, ọnụọgụ na steeti mmegharị. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi àgwà mmiri, ụfọdụ microorganisms nwere ike ghara ịhụ na sludge na-arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri, na ọ pụkwara ọbụna inwe obere anụmanụ ma ọlị. Ya bụ, usoro ndu nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu dị iche iche dị iche iche dị iche iche.
⑴ Mgbanwe na ụdị microbial
Ụdị microorganisms dị na sludge ga-agbanwe site na ogo mmiri na usoro ọrụ. N'oge sludge cultivation ogbo, dị ka sludge na-arụ ọrụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite, ihe na-esi ísì na-agbanwe site na turbid na-ekpochapụ, na microorganisms dị na sludge na-amalite evolushọn mgbe niile. N'oge ọrụ nkịtị, mgbanwe na sludge ụmụ irighiri ihe na-esokwa ụfọdụ iwu, na mgbanwe na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ nwere ike inferred si mgbanwe sludge microbial umu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe usoro sludge ahụ na-atọgbọrọ chakoo, a ga-enwekwu ciliates igwu mmiri, na mgbe turbidity nke nsị na-akawanye njọ, amoebae na flagellates ga-apụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu.
⑵Mgbanwe na ọkwa ọrụ microbial
Mgbe àgwà mmiri na-agbanwe, ọnọdụ ọrụ nke microorganisms ga-agbanwekwa, na ọbụna ọdịdị nke microorganisms ga-agbanwe na mgbanwe nke mmiri mkpofu. Na-ewere bellworms dị ka ihe atụ, ọsọ nke cilia swinging, ọnụ ọgụgụ nri egosipụta n'ime ahụ, nha nke telescopic egosipụta na ụdị ndị ọzọ ga-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe ikuku oxygen gbazere n'ime mmiri dị oke ma ọ bụ dị ala, oghere ga-esikarị n'isi mgbịrị pụta pụta. Mgbe enwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbagha na mmiri na-abata ma ọ bụ na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ntakịrị, clockworms ga-abụ ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, na ihe oriri nwere ike ịkwakọba n'ime ahụ ha, nke ga-emecha mee ka ụmụ ahụhụ nwụọ site na nsị. Mgbe uru pH na-agbanwe, cilia dị n'ahụ nke clockworm kwụsịrị ịgbagharị.
⑶Mgbanwe na ọnụọgụ microorganisms
Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị microorganisms na sludge na-arụ ọrụ, mana mgbanwe na ọnụọgụ ụfọdụ microorganisms nwekwara ike igosipụta mgbanwe na ogo mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nje bacteria filamentous bara ezigbo uru ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị na nha kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge ọrụ nkịtị, ma nnukwu ọnụnọ ha ga-eduga n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ jelii nje bacteria, mgbasawanye sludge, na àgwà adịghị mma. Mpụta nke flagellates na sludge na-arụ ọrụ na-egosi na sludge na-amalite itolite ma mụta nwa, mana mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ flagellates na-abụkarị ihe ịrịba ama nke mbelata irè ọgwụgwọ. Ọdịdị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke bellworms bụ n'ozuzu ngosipụta nke uto tozuru okè nke sludge na-arụ ọrụ. N'oge a, mmetụta ọgwụgwọ dị mma, a pụkwara ịhụ obere obere rotifer n'otu oge ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke rotifer na-apụta na sludge na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-apụtakarị na sludge na-aka nká ma ọ bụ karịa oxidized, ma emesịa, sludge nwere ike ịgbasa na àgwà nsị nwere ike ịka njọ.
Oge nzipu: Dec-08-2023
