Nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nsị mmiri bụ usoro ọrụ dị oke mkpa. Nsonaazụ nyocha bụ ihe ndabere maka nhazi nsị mmiri. Ya mere, izi ezi nke nyocha na-achọsi ike. A ghaghị ijide n'aka na ziri ezi nke ụkpụrụ nyocha iji hụ na ọrụ nkịtị nke usoro ahụ ziri ezi na ezi uche!
1. Mkpebi nke ọchịchọ oxygen oxygen (CODcr)
Ọchịchọ oxygen kemịkalụ: na-ezo aka na ọnụọgụ oxidant a na-eri mgbe a na-eji potassium dichromate mee ihe dị ka oxidant na-agwọ ụdị mmiri n'okpuru acid siri ike na ọnọdụ kpo oku, otu ahụ bụ mg/L. Na mba m, a na-ejikarị usoro potassium dichromate mee ihe dị ka ntọala. ;
1. Usoro usoro
Na ngwọta acidic siri ike, a na-eji ụfọdụ potassium dichromate mee ihe iji oxidize na-ebelata ihe ndị dị na mmiri mmiri. A na-eji potassium dichromate ngafe dị ka ihe ngosi na ammonium sulfate ngwọta na-agbapụta azụ. Gbakọọ ọnụọgụ oxygen a na-eri site na ibelata ihe ndị dị na nlele mmiri dabere na ọnụọgụ ammonium sulfate ferrous ejiri. ;
2. Ngwa
(1) Ngwaọrụ reflux: ngwaọrụ reflux niile nwere iko conical 250ml (ọ bụrụ na olu nlele karịrị 30ml, jiri ngwaọrụ reflux niile nwere iko conical 500ml). ;
(2) Ngwaọrụ na-ekpo ọkụ: efere ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe. ;
(3) 50ml titrant acid. ;
3. Reagent
(1) Potassium dichromate standard solution (1/6=0.2500mol/L:) tụọ 12.258g nke ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụ ọkwa dị elu dị ọcha potassium dichromate nke akpọnwụwo na 120°C maka awa 2, gbazee ya na mmiri, ma bufee ya na ya. Mpempe akwụkwọ mpịakọta 1000 ml. Ghichaa na akara ma maa jijiji nke ọma. ;
(2) Nwalee ngwọta ferrousin egosi: tụọ 1.485g nke phenanthroline, gbazee 0.695g nke ferrous sulfate n'ime mmiri, itughari ka 100ml, wee chekwaa na karama aja aja. ;
(3) Ferrous ammonium sulfate ọkọlọtọ ngwọta: tụọ 39.5g nke ferrous ammonium sulfate na igbari ya na mmiri. Mgbe ị na-akpali, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye 20ml nke sulfuric acid gbadoro ụkwụ. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ, bufee ya na 1000ml volumetric flask, tinye mmiri ka ọ gbasaa na akara ahụ, ma maa jijiji nke ọma. Tupu iji ya, were ngwọta ọkọlọtọ potassium dichromate dozie ya. ;
Usoro nhazi: gbanye nke ọma 10.00ml potassium dichromate ọkọlọtọ ngwọta na 500ml Erlenmeyer flask, tinye mmiri na itughari ka ihe dị ka 110ml, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye 30ml concentrated sulfuric acid, na mix. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ, gbakwunye mmiri atọ nke ihe ngosi ferroline (ihe dị ka 0.15ml) na titrate na ammonium sulfate ferrous. Agba nke ngwọta na-agbanwe site na odo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na njedebe njedebe. ;
C[(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2]=0.2500×10.00/V
N'ime usoro ahụ, c-nchịkọta nke ferrous ammonium sulfate ọkọlọtọ ngwọta (mol / L); V — usoro onunu ogwu nke ferrous ammonium sulfate ọkọlọtọ titration ngwọta (ml). ;
(4) Sulfuric acid-silver sulfate ngwọta: Tinye 25g nke ọlaọcha sulfate na 2500ml nke sulfuric acid gbadoro anya. Hapụ ya maka ụbọchị 1-2 ma maa jijiji site n'oge ruo n'oge ka ọ gbazee (ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị 2500ml akpa, tinye 5g silver sulfate na 500ml concentrated sulfuric acid). ;
(5) Mercury sulfate: kristal ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ. ;
4. Ihe ị ga-ahụ
(1) Oke kachasị nke ion chloride nwere ike ịgbakọ site na iji 0.4g nke mercury sulfate nwere ike iru 40ml. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ewere ihe nlele mmiri nke 20.00mL, ọ nwere ike mgbagwoju anya nlele mmiri nke nwere oke ion chloride nke 2000mg / L. Ọ bụrụ na ntinye ion chloride dị ala, ị nwere ike itinye mercury sulfate dị ntakịrị iji nọgide na-enwe mercury sulfate:chloride ion = 10:1 (W/W). Ọ bụrụ na obere mercury chloride na-ebuli, ọ naghị emetụta nha. ;
(2) The mmiri sample mkpochapụ olu nwere ike ịbụ na nso nke 10.00-50.00mL, ma reagent onunu ogwu na ịta nwere ike gbanwee otú iji nweta afọ ojuju. ;
(3) Maka nlele mmiri nwere oxygen kemịkal chọrọ ihe na-erughị 50mol/L, ọ kwesịrị ịbụ 0.0250mol/L potassium dichromate ọkọlọtọ ngwọta. Mgbe ị na-agbapụta azụ, jiri 0.01/L ferrous ammonium sulfate standard solution. ;
(4) Mgbe ihe nlele mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na reflux, ihe fọdụrụ nke potassium dichromate na ngwọta kwesịrị ịbụ 1 / 5-4 / 5 nke obere ego agbakwunyere. ;
(5) Mgbe ị na-eji ngwọta ọkọlọtọ nke potassium hydrogen phthalate iji nwalee àgwà na nkà na ụzụ na-arụ ọrụ nke reagent, ebe ọ bụ na usoro CODCr kwa gram nke potassium hydrogen phthalate bụ 1.167g, gbazee 0.4251L potassium hydrogen phthalate na mmiri okpukpu abụọ. , Nyefee ya na 1000mL volumetric flask, na-atụgharị na akara ahụ na mmiri mmiri okpukpu abụọ iji mee ka ọ bụrụ 500mg / L CODCR ọkọlọtọ ngwọta. Emebere ọhụrụ mgbe ejiri ya. ;
(6) Nsonaazụ nha nke CODCR kwesịrị idowe ọnụ ọgụgụ atọ dị mkpa. ;
(7) N'ime nnwale nke ọ bụla, a ga-edozi ihe ngwọta titration ferrous ammonium sulfate, na nlebara anya pụrụ iche kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ mgbanwe na ntinye ya mgbe ụlọ okpomọkụ dị elu. ;
5. Usoro nha
(1) Ghichaa ihe nlele mmiri mbata ewepụtara na mpụta mmiri nke ọma. ;
(2) Were 3 flasks Erlenmeyer ọnụ ala, ọnụ ọgụgụ 0, 1, na 2; tinye akwa iko 6 na nke ọ bụla n'ime 3 Erlenmeyer flasks. ;
(3) Tinye 20 mL nke mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na No. 0 Erlenmeyer flask (jiri pipette abụba); tinye 5 mL nke ihe nlele mmiri nri na No. 1 Erlenmeyer flask (jiri 5 mL pipette, ma jiri mmiri nri na-ekpochapụ pipette). tube ugboro 3), wee tinye 15 mL mmiri distilled (jiri pipette abụba); tinye 20 mL nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na No. 2 Erlenmeyer flask (jiri pipette abụba, kpochaa pipette ugboro 3 na mmiri na-abata). ;
(4) Tinye 10 mL nke potassium dichromate ngwọta na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ na nke ọ bụla n'ime 3 Erlenmeyer flasks (jiri 10 mL potassium dichromate na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ pipette ngwọta, ma kpochaa pipette 3 na potassium dichromate ngwọta na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ) ọnụego nke abụọ) . ;
(5) Debe flasks Erlenmeyer na ọkụ eletrọnịkị multi-purpose oven, wee mepee ọkpọkọ mmiri mmiri iji jupụta tube condenser na mmiri (emepela mgbata ahụ buru ibu, dabere na ahụmahụ). ;
(6) Tinye 30 ml nke sulfate ọlaọcha (iji obere cylinder 25 mL) n'ime flask atọ Erlenmeyer si n'akụkụ elu nke tube condenser, wee maa jijiji atọ Erlenmeyer flasks. ;
(7) Tinye n'ọkụ eletrọnịkị ọtụtụ ebumnuche, malite oge site na esi, wee kpoo ọkụ maka awa 2. ;
(8) Mgbe kpochara kpo oku, wepụ ihe ọkụ eletrọnịkị multi-ebumnuche ma kwe ka ọ dị jụụ maka oge (ogologo oge dabere na ahụmahụ). ;
(9) Tinye 90 mL nke mmiri mmiri na-esi n'akụkụ elu nke tube condenser na atọ Erlenmeyer flasks (ihe mere ị ga-eji gbakwunye mmiri mmiri: 1. Tinye mmiri site na tube condenser iji kwe ka ihe fọdụrụ na mmiri dị na mgbidi dị n'ime nke condenser). tube na-asọba n'ime efere Erlenmeyer n'oge usoro ikpo ọkụ iji belata mmejọ .2. Tinye ụfọdụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ iji mee ka mmeghachi omume agba n'oge usoro titration pụta ìhè). ;
(10) Mgbe agbakwunyere mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, a ga-ahapụ okpomọkụ. Wepu efere Erlenmeyer ma mee ka ọ dị jụụ. ;
(11) Mgbe ọ jụrụ kpamkpam, tinye 3 tụlee nke ihe ngosi ferrous nke ọ bụla n'ime flask atọ Erlenmeyer, wee maa jijiji nke atọ Erlenmeyer flasks nke ọma. ;
(12) Titrate na ferrous ammonium sulfate. Agba nke ngwọta na-agbanwe site na odo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie dị ka njedebe njedebe. (Lezienụ anya na ojiji nke n'ụzọ zuru ezu akpaka burettes. Mgbe a titration, cheta na-agụ na welie mmiri mmiri larịị nke akpaka burette na ọkwa kasị elu tupu ịga n'ihu na-esote titration). ;
(13) Dekọọ agụmagụ ma gbakọọ nsonaazụ ya. ;
2. Mkpebi nke ọchịchọ oxygen biochemical (BOD5)
Mmiri nsị nke ụlọ na mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ nwere nnukwu ihe dị iche iche nke organic. Mgbe ha na-emetọ mmiri, ihe ndị a na-edozi ahụ ga-eri oke ikuku oxygen gbazere mgbe ha na-agbaze n'ime ahụ mmiri, si otú ahụ na-ebibi ikuku oxygen na ahụ mmiri ma na-emebi àgwà mmiri. Enweghị oxygen dị n'ime ahụ mmiri na-akpata ọnwụ azụ na ndụ mmiri ndị ọzọ. ;
Ngwakọta nke ihe ndị dị na mmiri dị n'ime mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-esikwa ike ikpebi ihe ha mejupụtara n'otu n'otu. Ndị mmadụ na-ejikarị ikuku oxygen na-eri n'ime mmiri n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-anọchi anya ọdịnaya nke ihe ndị dị na mmiri na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ịchọ oxygen biochemical bụ ihe dị mkpa na-egosi ụdị a. ;
Ụzọ kpochapụrụ iji tụọ ọchịchọ oxygen biochemical bụ usoro inoculation dilution. ;
A ga-ejupụta ihe nlele mmiri maka ịlele ihe chọrọ oxygen biochemical ma mechie ya na karama mgbe anakọtara ya. Na-echekwa na 0-4 Celsius. N'ozuzu, a ga-eme nyocha n'ime awa 6. Ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ụgbọ njem dị anya. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, oge nchekwa ekwesịghị gafere awa 24. ;
1. Usoro usoro
Ọchịchọ oxygen biochemical na-ezo aka na ọnụọgụ oxygen gbazere na-eri na usoro biochemical nke microorganisms na-emebi ụfọdụ ihe oxidizable, ọkachasị ihe organic, n'ime mmiri n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọwapụtara. Usoro dum nke oxidation bayoloji na-ewe ogologo oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe emebere ya na ogo Celsius 20, ọ na-ewe ihe karịrị 100 ụbọchị iji mezue usoro ahụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-enyekarị ya iwu n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ ka a na-etinye ya maka ụbọchị 5 na 20 gbakwunyere ma ọ bụ mwepu 1 Celsius, ma tụọ oxygen gbazere nke ihe nlele tupu na mgbe ọ gachara. Ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ bụ uru BOD5, nke e gosipụtara na milligrams / liter nke oxygen. ;
Maka ụfọdụ mmiri dị n'elu na ọtụtụ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, n'ihi na ọ nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọ dị mkpa ka a gbanye ya tupu omenala na nha iji belata ntinye ya ma hụ na ikuku oxygen gbazere zuru oke. Ogo nke dilution kwesịrị ịbụ nke na oxygen gbazere na-eri na omenala karịrị 2 mg / L, na nke fọdụrụ etisasịwo oxygen bụ karịa 1 mg / L. ;
Iji hụ na e nwere ikuku oxygen na-agbaze nke ọma mgbe a na-agbanye ihe nlele mmiri, a na-ejikarị ikuku na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke mere na ikuku oxygen gbazere na mmiri a na-agbaze dị nso na saturation. Ekwesịrị ịgbakwunye ntakịrị nri inorganic na ihe ndị na-echekwa ihe na mmiri dilution iji hụ na uto nke microorganisms. ;
Maka mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ nke nwere obere microorganisms ma ọ bụ na-enweghị, gụnyere mmiri mkpofu acidic, mmiri mkpofu alkaline, mmiri mkpofu dị elu ma ọ bụ mmiri mkpofu chlorinated, a ga-eme inoculation mgbe ị na-atụle BOD5 iji webata microorganisms nke nwere ike decompose organic okwu na mmiri mkpofu. Mgbe enwere ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị ike nke microorganisms na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma na nsị ụlọ n'ozuzu oke ọsọ ọsọ ma ọ bụ nwere ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, a ga-ewebata microorganisms ụlọ n'ime mmiri maka inoculation. Usoro a dabara adaba maka ikpebi ihe nlele mmiri na BOD5 karịa ma ọ bụ nhata 2mg / L, nke kachasị adịghị agafe 6000mg / L. Mgbe BOD5 nke ihe nlele mmiri karịrị 6000mg / L, ụfọdụ njehie ga-eme n'ihi dilution. ;
2. Ngwa
(1) incubator okpomọkụ na-adị mgbe niile
(2) 5-20L karama iko ọnụ dị warara. ;
(3) 1000——2000ml na-atụ cylinder
(4) Mkpanaka mkpara iko: Ogologo mkpanaka kwesịrị ịdị 200mm ogologo karịa ịdị elu nke cylinder nha ejiri. A na-edozi efere roba siri ike nke nwere obere dayameta karịa ala nke cylinder nha na ọtụtụ obere oghere na ala nke mkpanaka. ;
(5) karama ikuku oxygen gbazere: n'etiti 250ml na 300ml, nke nwere ihe nkpuchi ala na mgbịrịgba ọnụ maka mkpuchi mmiri. ;
(6) Siphon, nke a na-eji ewere ihe nlele mmiri na ịgbakwunye mmiri dilution. ;
3. Reagent
(1) Ngwọta nchekwa phosphate: Gbarie 8.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4 sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate na 1.7g ammonium chloride n'ime mmiri wee tụgharịa ruo 1000ml. pH nke ngwọta a kwesịrị ịbụ 7.2
(2) Magnesium sulfate ngwọta: igbari 22.5g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate na mmiri na itughari ka 1000ml. ;
(3) Calcium chloride ngwọta: Gbarie 27.5% anhydrous calcium chloride na mmiri na itughari ka 1000ml. ;
(4) Ngwọta Ferric chloride: Gbarie 0.25g ferric chloride hexahydrate n'ime mmiri wee gbasaa na 1000ml. ;
(5) Hydrochloric acid ngwọta: gbazee 40ml hydrochloric acid na mmiri na itughari ka 1000ml.
(6) Sodium hydroxide ngwọta: igbari 20g sodium hydroxide na mmiri na itughari ka 1000ml
(7) Sodium sulfite ngwọta: igbari 1.575g sodium sulfite na mmiri na itughari ka 1000ml. Ngwọta a anaghị akwụsi ike ma dị mkpa ka a kwadebe ya kwa ụbọchị. ;
(8) Glucose-glutamic acid ọkọlọtọ ngwọta: Mgbe ihicha glucose na glutamic acid na 103 degrees Celsius maka 1 hour, tụọ 150ml nke ọ bụla na igbari ya na mmiri, bufee ya na 1000ml volumetric flask na itughari na akara, na-agwakọta nke ọma. . Kwadebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ a tupu ojiji. ;
(9) Mmiri dilution: Uru pH nke mmiri dilution kwesịrị ịbụ 7.2, BOD5 ya kwesịrị ịbụ ihe na-erughị 0.2ml/L. ;
(10) Ngwọta inoculation: N'ozuzu, a na-eji nsị anụ ụlọ eme ihe, na-ahapụ ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ maka otu ụbọchị na abalị, na-eji ihe dị elu mee ihe. ;
(11) Mmiri dilution inoculation: Were ihe ngwọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke inoculation, tinye ya na mmiri mmiri na-edozi ahụ, gwakọta nke ọma. Ọnụ ego ọgwụgwọ inoculation agbakwunyere kwa liter nke mmiri a gwakọtara bụ 1-10ml nke nsị anụ ụlọ; ma ọ bụ 20-30ml nke elu ala exudate; Uru pH nke mmiri dilution inoculation kwesịrị ịbụ 7.2. Ọnụ ego BOD kwesịrị ịdị n'etiti 0.3-1.0 mg / L. Ekwesịrị iji mmiri dilution inoculation ozugbo emechara nkwadebe. ;
4. Mgbakọ
1. Mmiri sample cultured ozugbo na-enweghị dilution
BOD5 (mg/L)=C1-C2
Na usoro: C1 - - gbazere oxygen ịta nke mmiri sample tupu omenala (mg / L);
C2-—Nnọgide na-agbaze ikuku oxygen (mg / L) mgbe etinyere ihe nlele mmiri maka ụbọchị 5. ;
2. Mmiri sample omenala mgbe dilution
BOD5 (mg/L)=[(C1-C2)—(B1-B2)f1]∕f2
Na usoro: C1 - - gbazere oxygen ịta nke mmiri sample tupu omenala (mg / L);
C2--Nnọgide na-agbaze ikuku oxygen (mg / L) mgbe 5 ụbọchị nke incubation nke mmiri sample;
B1 - - gbazere ikuku oxygen nke mmiri dilution (ma ọ bụ inoculation dilution mmiri) tupu omenala (mg / L);
B2 - - agbazere ikuku oxygen nke mmiri dilution (ma ọ bụ inoculation dilution mmiri) mgbe omenala (mg / L);
f1——Oke nke mmiri dilution (ma ọ bụ inoculation dilution mmiri) na omenala usoro;
f2——Oke nke nlele mmiri na usoro omenala. ;
B1——Ezere oxygen nke mmiri dilution tupu omenala;
B2 - - agbazere oxygen nke mmiri dilution mgbe a kụrụ ya;
f1——Oke nke mmiri dilution na omenala omenala;
f2——Oke nke nlele mmiri na usoro omenala. ;
Rịba ama: Ngụkọta nke f1 na f2: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na nha dilution nke usoro omenala bụ 3%, ya bụ, akụkụ atọ nke mmiri mmiri na akụkụ 97 nke mmiri dilution, mgbe ahụ f1=0.97 na f2=0.03. ;
5. Ihe ị ga-ahụ
(1) Usoro oxidation nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmiri nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ. Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ oxidation nke carbon na hydrogen na organic okwu iji mepụta carbon dioxide na mmiri. A na-akpọ ọkwa a ọkwa carbonization. Ọ na-ewe ihe dị ka ụbọchị 20 iji mechaa ọkwa carbonization na ogo 20 Celsius. Na ọkwa nke abụọ, ihe ndị nwere nitrogen na akụkụ nke nitrogen na-agbanye n'ime nitrite na nitrate, nke a na-akpọ ọkwa nitrification. Ọ na-ewe ihe dịka 100 ụbọchị iji mechaa ọkwa nitrification na ogo 20 Celsius. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-atụle BOD5 nke ihe nlele mmiri, nitrification bụ ihe na-abaghị uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị eme ma ọlị. Otú ọ dị, ihe na-esi na tankị ọgwụgwọ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nje bacteria nitrifying. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-atụle BOD5, a na-agụnyekwa ọchịchọ oxygen nke ụfọdụ ogige nwere nitrogen. Maka ihe atụ mmiri dị otú ahụ, a na-agbakwunye ndị na-emechi nitrification iji gbochie usoro nitrification. Maka nke a, 1 ml nke propylene thiourea na ntinye nke 500 mg / L ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ 2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine nke etinyere na sodium chloride nwere ike ịgbakwunye na lita nke ọ bụla nke ihe nlele mmiri a gwakọtara iji mee TCMP na ntinye uche. Nlere nke diluted bụ ihe dịka 0.5 mg / l. ;
(2) Ekwesịrị ịsacha ihe iko iko nke ọma. Buru ụzọ gbanye ma kpochaa ya na ncha, mgbe ahụ, gbanye ya na dilute hydrochloric acid, ma n'ikpeazụ saa na mmiri mgbata na mmiri dị nro. ;
(3) Iji lelee ogo nke mmiri dilution na ngwọta inoculum, yana ọkwa ọrụ nke onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha, gbanye 20ml nke glucose-glutamic acid ọkọlọtọ na mmiri inoculation ruo 1000ml, ma soro usoro maka ịlele. BOD5. Uru BOD5 tụrụ atụ kwesịrị ịdị n'etiti 180-230mg/L. Ma ọ bụghị ya, lelee ma enwere nsogbu ọ bụla na ịdịmma nke ngwọta inoculum, mmiri dilution ma ọ bụ usoro ọrụ. ;
(4) Mgbe ihe dilution nke ihe nlele mmiri gafere ugboro 100, a ga-ebu ụzọ tinye ya na mmiri na flask volumetric, mgbe ahụ, a ga-ewere ego kwesịrị ekwesị maka omenala dilution ikpeazụ. ;
3. Mkpebi siri ike kwụsịtụrụ (SS)
Ihe siri ike kwụsịtụrụ na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụ ihe siri ike na-agbazeghị na mmiri. ;
1. Usoro usoro
A na-arụ usoro nha nha, na ntinye nke ihe nlele ahụ na ogologo wavelength ka a na-atụgharị n'ime uru ntinye uche nke oke a ga-atụ, ma gosipụta ya na ihuenyo LCD. ;
2. Usoro nha
(1) Ghichaa ihe nlele mmiri mbata ewepụtara na mpụta mmiri nke ọma. ;
(2) Were 1 colorimetric tube ma gbakwunye 25 mL nke mmiri na-abata, wee gbakwunye mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na akara ahụ (n'ihi na mmiri na-abata SS buru ibu, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị diluted, ọ nwere ike gafere oke oke nke onye na-achọpụta ihe nkwụsịtụ) ókè. , na-eme ka nsonaazụ na-ezighị ezi. N'ezie, a naghị edozi oke nlele nke mmiri na-abata. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-abata dị oke ruru unyi, were 10mL ma tinye mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ). ;
(3) Gbanyụọ ihe nleba anya siri ike kwụsịtụrụ, gbakwunye mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na 2/3 nke obere igbe dị ka cuvette, kpoo mgbidi dị n'èzí, pịa bọtịnụ nhọrọ mgbe ị na-ama jijiji, wee tinye ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa. pịa igodo ọgụgụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị efu, pịa igodo doro anya ka ikpochapụ ngwa ahụ (naanị tụọ otu ugboro). ;
(4) tụọ SS mmiri na-abata: Wunye ihe nlele mmiri na-abata na tube colorimetric n'ime obere igbe wee kpochaa ya ugboro atọ, tinyezie ihe nlele mmiri na-abata na 2/3, kpoo mgbidi dị n'èzí, wee pịa igodo nhọrọ mgbe. na-ama jijiji. Wee tinye ya ngwa ngwa n'ime ihe nlebanya siri ike kwụsịtụrụ, wee pịa bọtịnụ ọgụgụ, tụọ ugboro atọ, wee gbakọọ nkezi uru. ;
(5) Tulee mmiri SS: Ghichaa ihe nlele mmiri nke ọma ma kpochaa obere igbe ahụ ugboro atọ… (Usoro a bụ otu ihe ahụ dị n'elu)
3. Ngụkọta
Nsonaazụ nke ntinye mmiri SS bụ: dilution ratio * atụpụtara nlere nlele mmiri mmiri. Nsonaazụ nke ntinye mmiri SS bụ ngwa ngwa na-agụ ihe nlele mmiri a tụrụ.
4. Mkpebi nke mkpokọta phosphorus (TP)
1. Usoro usoro
N'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic, orthophosphate na-emeghachi omume na ammonium molybdate na potassium antimonyl tartrate iji mepụta phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, nke na-ebelata site na onye na-ebelata ascorbic acid wee ghọọ mgbagwoju anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-ejikọta ya na phosphomolybdenum acha anụnụ anụnụ. ;
Opekempe kacha nta nke usoro a nwere ike ịchọpụta bụ 0.01mg/L (ntụkwasị obi kwekọrọ na nnabata A = 0.01); Oke oke nke mkpebi siri ike bụ 0.6mg / L. Enwere ike itinye ya na nyocha nke orthophosphate n'ime mmiri ala, nsị anụ ụlọ na mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ sitere na kemịkalụ kwa ụbọchị, fatịlaịza phosphate, ọgwụgwọ phosphating metal elu igwe, pesticides, ígwè, coking na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. ;
2. Ngwa
Spectrophotometer
3. Reagent
(1) 1 + 1 sulfuric acid. ;
(2) 10% (m/V) ascorbic acid ngwọta: igbari 10g ascorbic acid na mmiri na itughari ka 100ml. A na-echekwa ihe ngwọta na karama iko agba aja aja ma kwụsie ike ruo ọtụtụ izu na ebe oyi. Ọ bụrụ na agba atụgharị edo edo, tụfuo ma megharịa ya. ;
(3) Ngwọta Molybdate: Gbarie 13g nke ammonium molybdate [(NH4) 6Mo7O24˙4H2O] na 100ml mmiri. Gbarie 0.35g potassium antimonyl tartrate [K(SbO)C4H4O6˙1/2H2O] na mmiri 100ml. N'okpuru mkpali mgbe niile, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye ihe ngwọta ammonium molybdate na 300ml (1+1) sulfuric acid, tinye potassium antimony tartrate ngwọta ma gwakọta nke ọma. Chekwaa reagents na karama iko aja aja na ebe oyi. Kwụsie ike ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa 2. ;
(4) Ngwọta nkwụghachi ụgwọ turbidity-agba: Gwakọta mpịakọta abụọ nke (1 + 1) sulfuric acid na otu olu nke 10% (m / V) ngwọta ascorbic acid. A na-akwado ngwọta a n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. ;
(5) Ngwọta ngwaahịa phosphate: Dry potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) na 110 Celsius maka awa 2 ma hapụ ka ọ dị jụụ na onye na-ekpo ọkụ. Were 0.217g, gbazee ya na mmiri, bufee ya na flask volumetric 1000ml. Tinye 5ml nke (1 + 1) sulfuric acid ma gbanye mmiri na akara ahụ. Ihe ngwọta a nwere 50.0ug phosphorus kwa milliliter. ;
(6) Ngwọta ọkọlọtọ phosphate: Were 10.00ml nke phosphate ngwaahịa ngwọta n'ime 250ml volumetric flask, na itughari na akara na mmiri. Ihe ngwọta a nwere 2.00ug phosphorus kwa milliliter. Kwadebere maka ojiji ozugbo. ;
4. Usoro nha (naanị na-ewere nha nke ntinye mmiri na ntinye mmiri dịka ọmụmaatụ)
(1) Kpochapụ ihe nlele mmiri nke ewepụtara na ntinye mmiri nke ọma (ihe nlele mmiri a na-enweta site na ọdọ mmiri biochemical kwesịrị ịma jijiji nke ọma wee hapụ ya maka oge iji were ihe dị elu). ;
(2) Were tubes 3 na-akwụsị akwụsị, tinye mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na tube nke mbụ na-akwụsị na eriri elu; tinye 5mL nke ihe nlele mmiri na tube nke abụọ na-akwụsị, wee tinye mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ahịrị elu; tube ihe nkwụchi nke atọ kwụsiri ike, plọg gụchara tube
Tinye n'ime hydrochloric acid maka awa 2, ma ọ bụ jiri ncha na-enweghị phosphate hichaa. ;
(3) A ga-etinye cuvette ahụ na nitric acid ma ọ bụ ngwọta ịsacha chromic acid nwa oge ka ejiri ya wepụ ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ molybdenum adsorbed. ;
5. Mkpebi nke mkpokọta nitrogen (TN)
1. Usoro usoro
N'ime mmiri mmiri dị n'elu 60 Celsius C, potassium persulfate na-emebi dịka usoro mmeghachi omume na-esonụ iji mepụta ion hydrogen na oxygen. K2S2O8+H2O→2KHSO4+1/2O2KHSO4→K++HSO4_HSO4→H++SO42-
Tinye sodium hydroxide iji kpochapụ ion hydrogen wee mechaa ire ere nke potassium persulfate. N'okpuru alkaline ọkara ọnọdụ nke 120 ℃-124 ℃, iji potassium persulfate dị ka oxidant, ọ bụghị nanị na amonia nitrogen na nitrite nitrogen na mmiri sample ga-oxidized n'ime nitrate, ma ọtụtụ n'ime organic nitrogen ogige na mmiri sample nwere ike. ka oxidized n'ime nitrates. Mgbe ahụ, jiri ultraviolet spectrophotometry tụọ nnabata na ogologo wavelengths nke 220nm na 275nm n'otu n'otu, wee gbakọọ nnabata nke nitrate nitrogen dị ka usoro a: A=A220-2A275 iji gbakọọ mkpokọta nitrogen ọdịnaya. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nnabata molar ya bụ 1.47 × 103
2. Ntinye aka na mkpochapu
(1) Mgbe ihe nlele mmiri nwere hexavalent ion chromium na ion ferric, 1-2 ml nke 5% hydroxylamine hydrochloride ngwọta nwere ike ịgbakwunye iji kpochapụ mmetụta ha na nha. ;
(2) Iodide ion na bromide ion na-egbochi mkpebi ahụ. Enweghị nnyonye anya mgbe ọdịnaya iodide ion dị okpukpu 0.2 karịa mkpokọta nitrogen. Enweghị nnyonye anya mgbe ọdịnaya bromide ion dị okpukpu 3.4 karịa mkpokọta nitrogen. ;
(3) Mmetụta nke carbonate na bicarbonate na mkpebi siri ike nwere ike iwepụ site n'ịgbakwunye ụfọdụ acid hydrochloric. ;
(4) Sulfate na chloride enweghị mmetụta na mkpebi siri ike. ;
3. Oke nke ngwa nke usoro
Usoro a dabara adaba maka ikpebi mkpokọta nitrogen na ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na osimiri. Oke nchọpụta dị ala nke usoro a bụ 0.05 mg / l; Oke oke nke mkpebi siri ike bụ 4 mg / l. ;
4. Ngwa
(1) UV spectrophotometer. ;
(2) Nrụgide uzuoku sterilizer ma ọ bụ ihe nrụgide ụlọ. ;
(3) Igwe iko nwere ihe nkwụsị na ọnụ ala. ;
5. Reagent
(1) Mmiri na-enweghị Amonia, tinye 0.1ml sulfuric acid concentrated kwa liter nke mmiri na distill. Chịkọta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime akpa iko. ;
(2) 20% (m/V) sodium hydroxide: tụọ 20g nke sodium hydroxide, gbazee n'ime mmiri na-enweghị amonia, na itughari ka 100ml. ;
(3) alkaline potassium persulfate ngwọta: tụọ 40g potassium persulfate na 15g sodium hydroxide, igbari ha na amonia na-enweghị mmiri mmiri, na itughari ka 1000ml. A na-echekwa ihe ngwọta na karama polyethylene ma nwee ike ịchekwa ya otu izu. ;
(4) 1+9 hydrochloric acid. ;
(5) Potassium nitrate ọkọlọtọ ngwọta: a. Ngwọta ngwaahịa ọkọlọtọ: Tulee 0.7218g nke potassium nitrate nke akpọnwụwo na 105-110 Celsius maka awa 4, gbazee ya na mmiri na-enweghị amonia, ma bufee ya na flask volumetric 1000ml iji gbanwee na olu. Ihe ngwọta a nwere 100 mg nke nitrate nitrogen kwa ml. Tinye 2ml chloroform dị ka ihe nchebe na ọ ga-adịgide adịgide ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa 6. b. Ngwọta ọkọlọtọ Potassium nitrate: Jiri mmiri na-enweghị amonia gbanye ihe ngwọta ugboro iri. Ihe ngwọta a nwere 10 mg nke nitrate nitrogen kwa ml. ;
6. Usoro nha
(1) Ghichaa ihe nlele mmiri mbata ewepụtara na mpụta mmiri nke ọma. ;
(2) Were tubes colorimetric 25mL atọ (rịba ama na ha abụghị nnukwu tubes colorimetric). Tinye mmiri distilled na tube nke mbụ colorimetric ma tinye ya n'ahịrị ọnụ ala; tinye 1mL nke mmiri ntinye mmiri na tube nke abụọ colorimetric, wee gbakwunye mmiri distilled na ahịrị ọnụ ala; tinye 2mL nke ihe nlele mmiri na-agbapụta na tube nke atọ colorimetric, wee tinye ya mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ. Tinye na akara akara ala. ;
(3) Tinye 5 ml nke potassium persulfate bụ isi na tubes colorimetric atọ n'otu n'otu.
(4) Tinye tubes agba atọ ahụ n'ime beaker rọba, wee kpoo ha ọkụ na osi nri nrụgide. Mee mgbari nri. ;
(5) Mgbe kpochara, wepụ gauze ma kwe ka ọ dị jụụ. ;
(6) Mgbe ọ dị jụụ, tinye 1 ml nke 1+9 hydrochloric acid na nke ọ bụla n'ime tubes colorimetric atọ. ;
(7) Tinye mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na nke ọ bụla n'ime tubes colorimetric atọ ruo n'elu akara ma maa jijiji nke ọma. ;
(8) Jiri ogologo ebili mmiri abụọ wee jiri spectrophotometer tụọ. Nke mbụ, jiri 10mm quartz cuvette nwere ogologo ebili mmiri nke 275nm (nke dị ntakịrị okenye) iji tụọ oghere oghere, mmiri ntinye, na ihe ntinye mmiri wee gụọ ha; wee jiri cuvette quartz 10mm nwere ogologo ogologo nke 220nm (nke tọrọ ntakịrị) iji tụọ ihe nlele mmiri oghere, ntinye, na mpụta. Weta ma wepụ ihe nlele mmiri wee gụọ ha. ;
(9) Nsonaazụ mgbako. ;
6. Mkpebi nke amonia nitrogen (NH3-N)
1. Usoro usoro
Ihe ngwọta alkaline nke mercury na potassium na-emeghachi omume na amonia iji mepụta ogige colloidal na-acha ọbara ọbara na-acha aja aja. Agba a nwere nnabata siri ike karịa oke ogologo ogologo ogologo. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ogologo ikuku a na-eji maka nha dị na oke nke 410-425nm. ;
2. Ichekwa ihe nlele mmiri
A na-anakọta ihe atụ mmiri n'ime karama polyethylene ma ọ bụ karama iko, a ga-enyocha ya ozugbo enwere ike. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, tinye sulfuric acid na nlele mmiri iji mee ka ọ bụrụ pH<2, ma chekwaa ya na 2-5°C. Ekwesịrị iwere ihe nlele acidified iji gbochie nnabata nke amonia na ikuku na mmetọ. ;
3. Ntinye aka na mkpochapu
Ogige ndị dị ka aliphatic amines, amines aromatic, aldehydes, acetone, alcohols na organic nitrogen amines, yana ion inorganic dị ka ígwè, manganese, magnesium na sọlfọ, na-akpata nnyonye anya n'ihi mmepụta nke agba dị iche iche ma ọ bụ turbidity. Agba na turbidity nke mmiri na-emetụta Colorimetric. Maka nzube a, a chọrọ flocculation, sedimentation, filtration ma ọ bụ distillation pretreatment. A nwekwara ike ikpo ọkụ na-ebelata ihe ndị na-etinye aka na ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ acid iji wepụ nnyonye anya na ion metal, na mgbakwunye na ihe nkpuchi kwesịrị ekwesị iji kpochapụ ha. ;
4. Oke nke ngwa nke usoro
Nleba anya kacha nta nke usoro a bụ 0.025 mg / l (usoro photometric), na oke mkpebi mkpebi bụ 2 mg / l. N'iji visual colorimetry, ihe kacha nta a chọpụtara bụ 0.02 mg / l. Mgbe ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe nlele mmiri, enwere ike itinye usoro a na mmiri dị n'elu, mmiri dị n'ime ala, mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na nsị anụ ụlọ. ;
5. Ngwa
(1) Spectrophotometer. ;
(2) mita PH
6. Reagent
Mmiri niile a na-eji akwadebe reagents kwesịrị ịbụ nke enweghị amonia. ;
(1) Nessler reagent
Ị nwere ike ịhọrọ otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a iji kwadebe:
1. tụọ 20g nke potassium iodide ma gbarie ya n'ihe dịka 25ml mmiri. Tinye mercury dichloride (HgCl2) kristal ntụ ntụ (ihe dịka 10g) n'ime obere akụkụ ka ị na-akpali. Mgbe vermilion precipitate pụtara na ọ siri ike igbari, ọ bụ oge ịgbakwunye saturated dioxide dropwise. Mercury ngwọta na nwuo juputara. Mgbe vermilion precipitate pụtara na agaghịkwa agbaze, kwụsị ịgbakwụnye ngwọta mercuric chloride. ;
Tua 60g ọzọ nke potassium hydroxide ma gbazee ya na mmiri, gbanye ya ka ọ bụrụ 250ml. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ n'ime ụlọ, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ wụsa ngwọta dị n'elu n'ime ngwọta potassium hydroxide mgbe ị na-akpali akpali, gbanye ya na mmiri ruo 400ml, gwakọta nke ọma. Kwe ka guzoro n'otu abalị, bufee ihe dị elu na karama polyethylene, ma chekwaa ya na nkwụsị siri ike. ;
2. Na-atụ 16g nke sodium hydroxide, gbazee ya na 50ml mmiri, ma dị jụụ n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ. ;
Turu 7g ọzọ nke potassium iodide na 10g nke mercury iodide (HgI2) wee gbarie ya na mmiri. Mgbe ahụ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gbanye ihe ngwọta a n'ime ngwọta sodium hydroxide ka ị na-akpali akpali, gbanye ya na mmiri ka ọ bụrụ 100ml, chekwaa ya na karama polyethylene, ma mechie ya nke ọma. ;
(2) Potassium sodium acid ngwọta
tụọ 50g nke potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) na igbari ya na 100ml mmiri, okpomọkụ na obụpde wepụ amonia, jụụ na igbari ka 100ml. ;
(3) Ammonium ọkọlọtọ ngwaahịa ngwọta
Were 3.819g nke ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) nke akpọnwụwo na 100 degrees Celsius, gbazee ya na mmiri, bufee ya na 1000ml volumetric flask, na itughari na akara. Ihe ngwọta a nwere 1.00mg amonia nitrogen kwa ml. ;
(4) Ammonium ọkọlọtọ ngwọta
Pipette 5.00ml nke amine ọkọlọtọ ngwaahịa ngwọta n'ime a 500ml volumetric flask na itughari na mmiri ka akara. Ihe ngwọta a nwere 0.010mg amonia nitrogen kwa ml. ;
7. Mgbakọ
Chọta ọdịnaya nitrogen amonia (mg) site na usoro nhazi nhazi
Amonia nitrogen (N, mg/l)=m/v*1000
Na usoro, m - ọnụọgụ amonia nitrogen nke a chọtara site na nhazi (mg), V - olu nke mmiri mmiri (ml). ;
8. Ihe ị ga-ahụ
(1) Oke nke sodium iodide na potassium iodide nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nghọta nke mmeghachi omume agba. Ekwesịrị iwepụ mmiri ozuzo a kpụrụ mgbe izu ike gasịrị. ;
(2) Akwụkwọ nzacha na-enwekarị nnu nnu ammonium, yabụ jide n'aka na ị ga-eji mmiri na-enweghị amonia saa ya mgbe ị na-eji ya. Ekwesịrị ichebe ngwa enyo niile pụọ na mmetọ amonia na ikuku ụlọ nyocha. ;
9. Usoro nha
(1) Ghichaa ihe nlele mmiri mbata ewepụtara na mpụta mmiri nke ọma. ;
(2) Wunye nlele mmiri ntinye na ntinye mmiri n'ime beaker 100mL n'otu n'otu. ;
(3) Tinye 1 ml nke 10% zinc sulfate na 5 tụlee nke sodium hydroxide n'ime beaker abụọ ahụ n'otu n'otu, ma jiri mkpara iko abụọ kpalie. ;
(4) Kwe ka ọ nọdụ ala maka nkeji 3 wee malite nzacha. ;
(5) Wunye ihe nlele mmiri guzoro n'ime oghere nzacha. Mgbe nzacha, wunye filtrate na beaker ala. Mgbe ahụ, jiri beaker a chịkọta ihe nlele mmiri fọdụrụ n'ime oghere ahụ. Ruo mgbe filtration agwụla, wụsa filtrate na beaker ala ọzọ. Wunye filtrate. (N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, jiri nzacha site na otu oghere iji saa beaker ugboro abụọ)
(6) Gwachaa ihe nlele mmiri fọdụrụ na beakers n'otu n'otu. ;
(7) Were 3 colorimetric tubes. Tinye mmiri a na-ekpo ọkụ na tube nke mbụ colorimetric ma gbakwunye na ọnụ ọgụgụ; tinye 3-5mL nke ntinye mmiri ntinye mmiri na-asọba na tube nke abụọ colorimetric tube, wee tinye mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ; tinye 2ml nke mpụta mmiri nzacha nzacha na nke atọ colorimetric tube. Mgbe ahụ tinye mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na akara ahụ. (A naghị edozi ọnụọgụ nke mmiri na-abata na nke na-apụ apụ)
(8) Tinye 1 ml potassium sodium tartrate na 1.5 mL Nessler reagent na tubes colorimetric atọ n'otu n'otu. ;
(9) Ghichaa nke ọma na oge maka nkeji 10. Jiri spectrophotometer tụọ, na-eji ogologo wavelength nke 420nm na cuvette 20mm. Gbakọọ. ;
(10) Nsonaazụ mgbako. ;
7. Mkpebi nke nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N)
1. Usoro usoro
N'ime ihe nlele mmiri dị na etiti alkaline, nitrate nwere ike belata nke ukwuu ka ọ bụrụ amonia site na onye na-ebelata ihe (Daisler alloy) n'okpuru kpo oku. Mgbe emechara ya, a na-etinye ya na ngwọta boric acid wee tụọ ya site na iji Nessler's reagent photometry ma ọ bụ titration acid. . ;
2. Ntinye aka na mkpochapu
N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a, a na-ebelata nitrite na amonia ma ọ dị mkpa ka ewepụ ya n'ọdịnihu. Amonia na amonia salts na mmiri sample nwekwara ike wepụ site tupu distillation tupu ịgbakwunye Daisch alloy. ;
Usoro a dabara adaba maka ikpebi nitrate nitrate n'ụdị mmiri emetọru nke ukwuu. N'otu oge ahụ, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe maka mkpebi nke nitrite nitrogen na mmiri sample (mmiri sample kpebisiri ike site alkaline pre-distillation iji wepụ amonia na ammonium salts, na mgbe ahụ nitrite The ngụkọta ego nke nnu, ewepu ego). nke nitrate tụrụ iche iche, bụ ọnụọgụ nitrite). ;
3. Ngwa
Ngwa mgbaze na-edozi nitrogen nwere bọọlụ nitrogen. ;
4. Reagent
(1) Sulfamic acid ngwọta: tụọ 1g nke sulfamic acid (HOSO2NH2), gbazee ya na mmiri, na itughari ka 100ml. ;
(2) 1+1 hydrochloric acid
(3) Sodium hydroxide ngwọta: tụọ 300g nke sodium hydroxide, gbazee ya na mmiri, na itughari ka 1000ml. ;
(4) Daisch alloy (Cu50: Zn5: Al45) ntụ ntụ. ;
(5) Boric acid ngwọta: tụọ 20g nke boric acid (H3BO3), gbazee ya na mmiri, na itughari ka 1000ml. ;
5. Usoro nha
(1) Kpochapụ ihe atụ ndị ewepụtara site na isi 3 na ebe reflux ma tinye ha maka nkọwa maka oge. ;
(2) Were 3 colorimetric tubes. Tinye mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na akpa akpa agba agba ma tinye ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ; tinye 3mL nke No. 3 spotting supernatant na nke abụọ colorimetric tube, wee tinye distilled mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ; tinye 5mL nke reflux spotting supernatant na nke atọ colorimetric tube, wee tinye distilled mmiri na akara. ;
(3) Were efere 3 na-ekupụ mmiri ma wụsa mmiri mmiri n'ime tubes 3 colorimetric n'ime efere na-ekpochapụ. ;
(4) Tinye 0.1 mol / L sodium hydroxide na efere atọ na-ekupụ n'otu n'otu iji dozie pH na 8. (Jiri akwụkwọ nyocha pH ziri ezi, ihe dị n'etiti 5.5-9.0. Onye ọ bụla chọrọ banyere 20 tụlee nke sodium hydroxide)
(5) Gbanyụọ mmiri ịsa ahụ, tinye efere na-ekupụ n'elu mmiri ịsa ahụ, ma debe okpomọkụ ruo 90 ° C ruo mgbe ọ ga-esi na nkụ. (na-ewe ihe dị ka awa 2)
(6) Mgbe ịpụchara ka ọ kpọọ nkụ, wepụ efere na-ekupụ mmiri wee kpoo ya. ;
(7) Mgbe ọ dị jụụ, tinye 1 ml nke phenol disulfonic acid n'ime efere atọ na-ekpochapụ n'otu n'otu, gwerie ya na mkpanaka iko iji mee ka reagent kọntaktị zuru ezu na ihe fọdụrụ na efere evaporating, hapụ ya ka ọ guzoro ruo oge, wee gwerie ọzọ. Mgbe ị na-ahapụ ya maka nkeji 10, gbakwunye ihe dịka 10 ml nke mmiri distilled n'otu n'otu. ;
(8) Tinye 3-4mL mmiri amonia na efere ndị na-ekupụ mmiri mgbe ị na-akpali akpali, wee bugharịa ha na tubes colorimetric kwekọrọ. Tinye mmiri distilled na akara ahụ n'otu n'otu. ;
(9) maa jijiji nke ọma wee jiri spectrophotometer tụọ, na-eji cuvette 10mm (iko nkịtị, dịtụ ọhụrụ) yana ogologo ogologo nke 410nm. Ma debe ọnụ. ;
(10) Nsonaazụ mgbako. ;
8. Mkpebi nke ikuku oxygen gbazere (DO)
A na-akpọ ikuku oxygen molekụla agbaze n'ime mmiri ikuku oxygen. Ọdịnaya oxygen gbazere na mmiri eke na-adabere na nguzozi nke ikuku oxygen na mmiri na ikuku. ;
N'ozuzu, a na-eji usoro ayodiin iji tụọ ikuku oxygen gbazere.
1. Usoro usoro
A na-agbakwunye manganese sulfate na alkaline potassium iodide na nlele mmiri. Oxygen na-agbaze n'ime mmiri na-eme ka manganese dị ala dị ala ruo manganese dị elu, na-eme ka mkpọda aja aja nke tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Mgbe ịgbakwunye acid, hydroxide precipitate na-agbaze wee meghachi omume na ion iodide iji hapụ ya. ayodiin efu. N'iji starch dị ka ihe nrịbama na titrating iodine tọhapụrụ na sodium thiosulfate, enwere ike gbakọọ ọdịnaya oxygen gbazere. ;
2. Usoro nha
(1) Were ihe nlele na isi 9 na karama ọnụ obosara ma hapụ ya ka ọ nọdụ ala nkeji iri. (Biko mara na ị na-eji karama ọnụ obosara ma ṅaa ntị na usoro nlele)
(2) Fanye ikpere ụkwụ iko ahụ n'ime ihe atụ karama ọnụ obosara, jiri usoro siphon mee ka ọ banye n'ime karama ikuku oxygen gbazere, buru ụzọ ṅụọ ntakịrị ntakịrị, kpochaa karama oxygen gbazere ugboro 3, n'ikpeazụkwa, ṅụọ na supernatant. jupụta ikuku oxygen gbazere. karama. ;
(3) Tinye 1mL manganese sulfate na 2ml alkaline potassium iodide na karama ikuku oxygen gbazere zuru oke. (Lezienụ anya na ịkpachara anya mgbe ị na-agbakwunye, gbakwunye na etiti)
(4) Kpuchie karama ikuku oxygen gbazere, fegharịa ya elu na ala, fegharịa ya ọzọ kwa nkeji ole na ole, fegharịa ya ugboro atọ. ;
(5) Tinye 2ml nke sulfuric acid gbasiri ike na karama ikuku oxygen gbazere wee maa jijiji nke ọma. Ka ọ nọdụ n'ebe gbara ọchịchịrị maka nkeji ise. ;
(6) Wunye sodium thiosulfate n'ime alkaline buret (ya na tube roba na iko beads. Lezienụ anya na ọdịiche dị n'etiti acid na alkaline burettes) na ahịrị ọnụ ọgụgụ ma kwadebe maka titration. ;
(7) Mgbe ikwe ka o guzoro maka nkeji 5, wepụ karama oxygen gbazere n'ime ọchịchịrị, wụsa mmiri mmiri n'ime karama oxygen gbazere n'ime cylinder 100mL plastik nke na-atụ ihe, wee kpochaa ya ugboro atọ. N'ikpeazụ wụsa na 100ml akara nke cylinder nha. ;
(8) Wunye mmiri mmiri n'ime cylinder nha n'ime flask Erlenmeyer. ;
(9) Tinye sodium thiosulfate n'ime flask Erlenmeyer ruo mgbe ọ na-enweghị ụcha, wee gbakwunye dropper nke ihe ngosi starch, tinyezie ya na sodium thiosulfate ruo mgbe ọ dara, wee dekọọ ọgụgụ ahụ. ;
(10) Nsonaazụ mgbako. ;
Oxygen agbazere (mg/L)=M*V*8*1000/100
M bụ mkpokọta sodium thiosulfate ngwọta (mol / L)
V bụ olu sodium thiosulfate ngwọta a na-eri n'oge titration (mL)
9. ngụkọta alkalinity
1. Usoro nha
(1) Ghichaa ihe nlele mmiri mbata ewepụtara na mpụta mmiri nke ọma. ;
(2) Na-enyocha ihe nlele mmiri na-abata (ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-abata dị ọcha, ọ dịghị ihe nzacha achọrọ), jiri cylinder gụchara 100 ml iji were 100 ml nke filtrate n'ime 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Jiri cylinder gụchara 100ml were were 100mL nke ihe nchacha ncha ncha n'ime flask Erlenmeyer 500ml ọzọ. ;
(3) Tinye 3 tụlee nke methyl red-methylene blue egosi na abụọ Erlenmeyer flasks n'otu n'otu, nke na-atụgharị ìhè akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. ;
(4) Wunye 0.01mol / L hydrogen ion ọkọlọtọ ngwọta n'ime alkaline buret (ya na roba tube na iko beads, 50mL. The alkaline burette eji agbaze oxygen n'ihe bụ 25mL, ntị na ihe dị iche) na akara. Waya. ;
(5) Tinye ihe ngwọta ọkọlọtọ hydrogen ion n'ime flask abụọ Erlenmeyer iji kpughee agba lavender, wee dekọọ ọgụgụ olu ejiri. (Cheta na ị ga-agụ mgbe ị na-atụgharị otu ma dejupụta ya iji titrate nke ọzọ. Ihe nlele mmiri inlet na-achọ ihe dị ka milliliters iri anọ, ihe nlele mmiri na-achọkwa ihe dị ka milliliters iri)
(6) Nsonaazụ mgbako. Ole nke hydrogen ion ọkọlọtọ ngwọta * 5 bụ olu. ;
10. Mkpebi nke nhazi sludge (SV30)
1. Usoro nha
(1) Were cylinder ihe atụ 100ml. ;
(2) Kpochapụ ihe nlele ewepụtara na isi 9 nke olulu oxidation nke ọma ma wụsa ya n'ime cylinder nha ruo akara elu. ;
(3) Nkeji 30 ka ịmalitere usoro iheomume, gụọ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ dị na interface wee dekọọ ya. ;
11. Mkpebi nke sludge volume index (SVI)
A na-atụ SVI site n'ikewa sludge settling ratio (SV30) site na ntinye sludge (MLSS). Mana kpachara anya maka ịtụgharị nkeji. Akụkụ nke SVI bụ ml/g. ;
12. Mkpebi nke mkpokọta sludge (MLSS)
1. Usoro nha
(1) Kpochapụ ihe nlele ewepụtara na isi 9 na ihe nlele na ebe reflux nke ọma. ;
(2) Were 100mL nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe nlele ahụ na ebe 9 na ihe nlele na ebe reflux n'ime cylinder ihe. (Enwere ike nweta ihe nlele na isi nke 9 site na ịlele nha nke sedimentation sludge)
(3) Jiri mgbapụta ikuku rotary vane ka yochaa nlele ahụ na ebe 9 yana ihe nlele na ebe reflux na cylinder n'otu n'otu. (Lezienụ anya na nhọrọ nke akwụkwọ nzacha. Akwụkwọ nzacha a na-eji bụ akwụkwọ nzacha a na-atụle tupu oge eruo. Ọ bụrụ na a ga-atụ MLVSS na sample na ebe 9 n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, a ghaghị iji akwụkwọ nzacha quantitative mee ihe iji nyochaa nlele ahụ. na ebe 9. Ka o sina dị, qualitative filter paper kwesịrị iji mee ihe na mgbakwunye, ṅaa ntị na quantitative filter paper na qualitative filter paper.
(4) Wepụ ihe nzacha akwụkwọ nzacha apịtị ma tinye ya n'ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ. Okpomọkụ nke oven ihicha na-ebili ruo 105 Celsius ma malite ihicha maka awa 2. ;
(5) Wepụta ihe nlele apịtị a mịrị amị nke nzacha ma tinye ya n'ime ihe nrụnye iko ka ọ dị jụụ ruo ọkara otu awa. ;
(6) Mgbe ị jụrụ, tụọ ma gụọ site na iji nguzozi eletrọnịkị nkenke. ;
(7) Nsonaazụ mgbako. Nleta sludge (mg/L) = (ọgụgụ nguzozi - ịdị arọ nke akwụkwọ nzacha) * 10000
13. Mkpebi nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe (MLVSS)
1. Usoro nha
(1) Mgbe ị tụlechara ihe nzacha apịtị apịtị na isi 9 jiri nguzozi eletrọnịkị nkenke, tinye ihe nlele apịtị nzacha n'ime obere ihe mgbochi poselin. ;
(2) Gbanyụọ ọkụ n'ụdị igbe, gbanwee okpomọkụ ka ọ bụrụ 620 Celsius C, ma tinye obere ihe mkpuchi ahụ n'ime ọkụ ọkụ nke ụdị igbe maka ihe dị ka awa 2. ;
(3) Mgbe awa abụọ gachara, mechie ọkụ ọkụ na-eguzogide ụdị igbe. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ maka awa 3, mepee ọnụ ụzọ ọkụ ọkụ nke ụdị igbe dị ntakịrị wee jụọ oyi ọzọ ihe dị ka ọkara otu awa iji hụ na okpomọkụ nke poselin crucible agaghị agafe 100 ° C. ;
(4) Wepụ crucible poselin ahụ ma tinye ya n'ime ihe nrụnye ugegbe ka ọ dị jụụ ọzọ ihe dị ka ọkara otu elekere, tụọ ya na nguzozi eletrọnịkị nke ọma, wee dekọọ ọgụgụ ya. ;
(5) Nsonaazụ mgbako. ;
Ihe ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe (mg/L) = (ịdị arọ nke ihe nzacha apịtị nzacha + ịdị arọ nke obere crucible - ọgụgụ nguzozi) * 10000.
Oge nzipu: Mar-19-2024